ابزارهای جنگ: سلاح‌ها و فناوری‌هایی که تاریخ را تغییر داده‌اند

This reference work provides a fascinating overview of the major weapon systems and military technologies that have had a major impact on world history. Addressing weapons as crude as the club used by primitive man to the high-tech weapons of today such as unmanned drones, Instruments of War: Weapons and Technologies That Have Changed History offers illustrated entries that examine the key roles played by specific weapons and identify their success and failures.;Introduction -- Instruments of war: Club and mace -- Ax -- Sling -- Spears and other pole arms -- Pilum -- Throwing sticks or throwing clubs -- Picks and war hammers -- Dagger (knife) -- Sword -- Lance -- Bow and arrow -- Blowgun -- Shields -- Helmet -- Body armor -- Chariot -- Galley -- Trireme -- Corvus -- Greek Fire -- Mechanical artillery -- Spring-powered artillery engines -- Torsion-powered artillery engines -- Counterweight-powered artillery engines -- Saddle -- Stirrup -- Viking longboat -- Caltrop -- Gunpowder -- Land mines and mining -- Longbow -- Crossbow -- Harquebus -- Matchlock -- Wheel lock -- Snaplock (Snaphance) -- Pistols, Early types -- Land artillery, Early gunpowder types -- Leather gun -- Fuzes -- Petard -- Pike -- Carrack -- Galleon -- Naval artillery, Early types -- Gunner's quadrant -- Turtle ships -- Frigate -- Ship of the line -- Mortars, Early -- Bomb vessels -- Howitzer -- Shell -- Shrapnel (spherical case shot) -- Carcass -- Case shot (canister or canister shot) -- Grapeshot -- Flintlock -- Air gun -- Rifle (muzzle-loader) -- Blunderbuss -- Bayonet -- Turtle submarine -- Sea mines -- Balloons -- Popham's signal system -- Steam warship -- Percussion cap -- Rockets, Early types -- Carronade -- Shell gun -- Railroads -- Telegraph -- Telephone -- Ironclad warships -- Warrior, HMS -- Naval Gun Turret -- Monitor, USS -- Minié Ball -- Revolver -- Napoleon gun -- Parrott guns -- Dahlgren guns -- Breech-loading rifle. Cover 1 Contents 8 Chronological List of Entries 10 Alphabetical List of Entries 16 Introduction 22 Entries 26 Club and Mace 28 Ax 29 Sling 30 Spears and Other Pole Arms 30 Pilum 32 Throwing Sticks or Throwing Clubs 32 Picks and War Hammers 33 Dagger (Knife) 33 Sword 34 Lance 35 Bow and Arrow 36 Blowgun 37 Shields 38 Helmet 39 Body Armor 40 Chariot 42 Galley 43 Trireme 45 Corvus 47 Greek Fire 48 Mechanical Artillery 49 Spring-Powered Artillery Engines 50 Torsion-Powered Artillery Engines 51 Counterweight-Powered Artillery Engines 53 Saddle 55 Stirrup 56 Viking Longboat 57 Caltrop 58 Gunpowder 59 Land Mines and Mining 61 Longbow 63 Crossbow 65 Harquebus 66 Matchlock 67 Wheel Lock 67 Snaplock (Snaphance) 68 Pistols, Early Types 69 Land Artillery, Early Gunpowder Types 70 Leather Gun 72 Fuzes 72 Petard 74 Pike 74 Carrack 75 Galleon 77 Naval Artillery, Early Types 78 Gunner’s Quadrant 79 Turtle Ships 80 Frigate 81 Ship of the Line 83 Mortars, Early 85 Bomb Vessels 87 Howitzer 88 Shell 89 Shrapnel (Spherical Case Shot) 90 Carcass 91 Case Shot (Canister or Canister Shot) 92 Grapeshot 92 Flintlock 93 Air Gun 95 Rifle (Muzzle-Loader) 96 Blunderbuss 97 Bayonet 98 Turtle Submarine 100 Sea Mines 101 Balloons 106 Popham’s Signal System 108 Steam Warship 109 Percussion Cap 111 Rockets, Early Types 112 Carronade 113 Shell Gun 114 Railroads 115 Telegraph 116 Telephone 117 Ironclad Warships 119 Warrior, HMS 121 Naval Gun Turret 123 Monitor, USS 124 Minié Ball 126 Revolver 127 Napoleon Gun 129 Parrott Guns 131 Dahlgren Guns 132 Breech-Loading Rifle 134 Dreyse Needle Gun 135 Cartridge 136 Dynamite 138 Gatling Gun 139 Mitrailleuse 140 Lebel Rifle 141 Mauser Gewehr 98 Rifle 143 Mauser C96 Pistol 143 Maxim Gun 144 Steel Armor, Naval 146 Armor-Piercing Projectiles 147 Quick-Firing Naval Gun 148 Torpedo 149 Torpedo Boats 151 Destroyer 152 Dynamite Gun 154 Smokeless Gunpowder 156 Trinitrotoluene 157 Bicycle 157 Breech-Loading Field Artillery 158 French 75mm Gun 160 Breech-Loading Heavy Guns at Sea 161 Dumdum Bullet 163 Hollow or Shaped Charge 164 Browning (Colt) .45 Semiautomatic Pistol 165 Lewis Gun 167 Browning Automatic Rifle 168 MP18 Submachine Gun 169 Barbed Wire 170 Sandbags 172 Camouflage 173 Pillbox 175 Hand Grenades 176 Rifle Grenade 178 Stokes Mortar 179 Big Bertha Mortar 180 Paris Gun 181 Poison Gas 183 Livens Projector 186 Flamethrowers 187 Motor Transport 188 Armored Car 188 Tanks, Early 191 Antitank Rifle 194 Antimaterial Rifle 195 Wright Brothers’ Military Flyer 196 Aircraft, World War I 197 Fokker E.I Eindecker Fighter Aircraft 200 Interrupter Gear 201 De Havilland DH 2 Fighter Aircraft 202 Nieuport 17 Fighter Aircraft 203 Sopwith F.1 Camel Fighter Aircraft 203 Sikorsky Ilya Mourometz Heavy Bomber 205 Gotha G IV Bomber 206 Handley Page O/100 and O/400 Bombers 207 Zeppelins 209 Director Fire Control and New Range Finding at Sea 211 Dreadnought, HMS 213 Invincible-Class Battle Cruisers 214 Furious, HMS 216 Argus, HMS 217 Submarine Development to 1914 217 Depth Charge 221 Hydrophone 225 Radio 226 Antiaircraft Artillery 228 Browning M2 .50-Caliber Heavy Machine Gun 231 Molotov Cocktail 232 Biological Weapons 233 German 88mm Gun 234 M-2A1/M-101A1 105mm Howitzer 235 Long Lance Torpedo 236 Thompson M1A1 Submachine Gun 238 MP40 Submachine Gun 239 Sten Gun 240 M1 Garand Rifle 241 MG42 Machine Gun 242 Mortars, Post–World War I 243 T-34 Soviet Medium Tank 244 M4 Sherman Medium Tank 246 PzKpfw V Panther Medium Tank 247 PzKpfw Tiger and King Tiger 248 Self-Propelled Guns and Artillery 249 Birch Gun 251 Jeep 251 Truck, 2.5-Ton 252 Landing Craft 254 DUKW Amphibian Truck 256 Mulberry 257 PLUTO 258 Destroyer Escort 259 Yamato-Class Battleships, Japanese 261 Iowa-Class Battleships, U.S. Navy 262 Essex-Class Aircraft Carriers 263 Escort Aircraft Carriers 264 Liberty Ships 265 Snorkel 266 Sonar 267 Leigh Light 268 Radar 269 A6M Reisen (Zero) Japanese Fighter Aircraft 271 Bf 109 German Fighter 272 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka German Dive-Bomber 273 Hawker Hurricane British Fighter 274 Supermarine Spitfire British Fighter 275 North American P-51 Mustang U.S. Army Air Forces Fighter 277 Grumman F6F Hellcat U.S. Navy Fighter 278 Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik Soviet Ground-Attack Aircraft 279 Grumman TBF/TBM Avenger U.S. Torpedo Bomber 280 Avro Lancaster Heavy Bomber 281 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Heavy Bomber 282 Consolidated B-24 Liberator Heavy Bomber 284 Boeing B-29 Superfortress Heavy Bomber 285 Gliders 286 Jet and Rocket Aircraft of World War II 288 Douglas C-47 Skytrain Transport Aircraft 290 Helicopters 291 Sikorsky R-4 Helicopter 293 Incendiary Bombs 294 Napalm 296 Proximity Fuze 298 Panzerfaust 298 Bazooka 299 Katyusha Rocket 301 V-1 Buzz Bomb 303 V-2 Guided Missile 304 Kamikazes 305 Penicillin 307 Enigma Machine 308 Atomic Bomb 310 Hydrogen Bomb 312 Neutron Bomb 314 AK47 Kalashnikov Assault Rifle 315 Recoilless Rifles 316 Armored Personnel Carriers and Infantry Fighting Vehicles 318 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 320 North American F-86 Sabre Jet Fighter 321 Boeing B-52 Stratofortress 322 Surface-to-Air Missiles 323 Nautilus, U.S. Navy Submarine 325 Punji Stake 327 M16 Rifle 328 M79 Grenade Launcher 330 M18A1 Claymore Mine 330 M61 Vulcan 20mm Auto Cannon 331 M134 (GAU-2B) Minigun 332 Ship-to-Ship Missiles 333 RPG-7 Rocket-Propelled Grenade Launcher 334 Antitank Guided Missiles 335 Flechette Ammunition 336 Lockheed U-2 Dragon Lady Reconnaissance Aircraft 337 McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II 338 Republic F-105 Thunderchief 340 Bell UH-1 Iroquois Helicopter 342 Bell AH-1 Cobra and AH-1W SuperCobra Attack Helicopters 343 Mil Mi-24 Hind Helicopter 344 FIM-92 Stinger 345 AIM-9 Sidewinder Missile 347 Satellites 348 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles 349 MX Missile System 352 Cruise Missiles 353 Polaris Missile 355 Precision-Guided Munitions 357 Cluster Bomb/Munition 359 M48 and M60 U.S. Main Battle Tanks 360 T-54/T-55 Soviet Main Battle Tank 362 M1A1 and M1A2 Abrams Main Battle Tank 364 Merkava Israeli Main Battle Tank 366 Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter 367 Hughes (McDonnell Douglas/Boeing) AH-64 Apache Helicopter 368 Hawker-Siddeley/McDonnell Douglas Sea Harrier 370 Night-Vision Devices 371 Aegis 373 Mk 15 Phalanx 374 Hovercraft 375 Nimitz-Class U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers 376 Ohio-Class U.S. Navy Submarines 377 Laser 378 Stealth Technology 379 Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit 380 Global Positioning System 381 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 382 Panzerhaubitze 2000 German Self-Propelled Howitzer 384 Thermobaric Bomb 385 Improvised Explosive Devices 385 Bibliography 388 Index 410 A 410 B 413 C 417 D 419 E 421 F 422 G 423 H 425 I 427 J 429 K 429 L 430 M 432 N 437 O 438 P 439 Q 441 R 441 S 443 T 449 U 451 V 451 W 452 Y 452 Z 452 This highly detailed and well-illustrated single-volume work documents the evolution of warfare across history through weaponry and technological change. In war, the weapons and technologies employed have direct effects on how battles are waged. When new weapons are introduced, they can dramatically alter the outcomes of warfare—and consequently change the course of history itself. This reference work provides a fascinating overview of the major weapon systems and military technologies that have had a major impact on world history. Addressing weapons as crude as the club used by primitive man to the high-tech weapons of today such as unmanned drones, Instruments of War: Weapons and Technologies That Have Changed History offers nearly 270 profusely illustrated entries that examine the key roles played by specific weapons and identify their success and failures. The book begins with an introductory essay that frames the subject matter of the work and discusses the history of weapons as a whole. The text is concise and accessible to general readers without extensive backgrounds in military history yet provides the detailed information necessary to convey the complexity of the evolution of warfare through technological change. Contains more than 260 entries of weapons and technological changes Features 25 sidebars that provide interesting insights as to the employment of the weapons and changes Appropriate for students in high school, college, and military academies as well as general readers interested in the history of weaponry Provides a bibliography and index "This highly detailed and well-illustrated single-volume work documents the evolution of warfare across history through weaponry and technological change. In war, the weapons and technologies employed have direct effects on how battles are waged. When new weapons are introduced, they can dramatically alter the outcomes of warfare--and consequently change the course of history itself. This reference work provides a fascinating overview of the major weapon systems and military technologies that have had a major impact on world history. Addressing weapons as crude as the club used by primitive man to the high-tech weapons of today such as unmanned drones, Instruments of War: Weapons and Technologies That Have Changed History offers nearly 270 profusely illustrated entries that examine the key roles played by specific weapons and identify their success and failures. The book begins with an introductory essay that frames the subject matter of the work and discusses the history of weapons as a whole. The text is concise and accessible to general readers without extensive backgrounds in military history yet provides the detailed information necessary to convey the complexity of the evolution of warfare through technological change."--Publisher website