Insect Pests of Potato : Global Perspectives on Biology and Management

This fully revised and updated second edition of Insect Pests of Potato now includes an opening section with a basic overview of agronomic and economic issues as they relate to potato production. It also features a new section that reviews potato production, as well as problems caused by insect pests and solutions to these problems, in all major potato-growing regions of the world. Further, a new section discusses theoretical foundations of potato pest management and includes chapters on ecological theory, evolutionary theory, and a case study on their applications to elucidate differences between Eastern and Western populations of Colorado potato beetle in North America. There is also a new chapter on the foundations of integrated pest management and their applications in controlling insect pests. The sections on the biology of main pests and on control methods now feature the latest information, including emphasis on recent advances in molecular biology and genomics. Information on the use of dsRNA technology for pest control is also included, as are new chapters on potato ladybirds and on hemipterous pests other than aphids and psyllids. This second edition provides improved integration and logical connections among chapters and expanded geographic scope of coverage making it the ideal reference on the topic. Fully revised and updated with new sections on potato-growing regions and theoretical foundations of potato pest management using ecological theory, evolutionary theory and relevant case study insights Contains improved integration and logical connections among chapters, expanded geographic scope of coverage, and scientific advances Emphasizes recent advances in molecular biology and genomics, including the use of dsRNA technology for pest control Front Cover Insect Pests of Potato Insect Pests of Potato: Global Perspectives on Biology and Management Copyright Contents List of contributors Preface I - Potato as an important staple crop 1 - Potatoes and their pests: setting the stage 1.1 History and present status 1.2 Potatoes and human civilization 1.3 Insect pests 1.4 Meeting the challenge References 2 - Growing potatoes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Geographic distribution 2.3 Climate requirements 2.4 Soil requirements 2.5 Soil reaction (pH) 2.6 Major inputs: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and organic matter 2.7 Irrigation requirements 2.8 Seed planting depth, spacing, and hilling 2.9 Time to maturity 2.10 Types of cultivars 2.11 Remote sensing References 3 - Economic considerations in potato production 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Economics of seed pricing and production 3.2.1 Pricing 3.2.2 Seed production 3.3 Frozen processed potatoes 3.3.1 Market structure 3.3.2 Frozen processed contract negotiations and complications 3.3.3 Frozen processed contract parameters 3.4 Potato chips 3.5 Fresh potatoes 3.5.1 Market structure 3.5.2 Grading and packing 3.5.3 Bargaining associations in the fresh potato industry 3.6 Storage economics 3.6.1 Fixed costs 3.6.2 Storage variable costs 3.6.3 Understanding shrinkage 3.6.4 Other storage variable costs 3.6.5 Monthly break-even points 3.7 US potato consumption trends 3.8 Potato demand 3.8.1 Population size and distribution 3.8.2 Consumer income 3.8.3 Other goods 3.8.3.1 Substitutes 3.8.3.2 Complements 3.8.4 Consumer tastes and preferences 3.9 Global trends and future prospects for potato demand in developing countries References II - Biology of major pests 4 - Colorado potato beetle 4.1 Taxonomy and morphological description 4.2 Origins and history of spread 4.3 Genetic variability 4.4 Pest status and yield loss 4.5 Seasonal life cycle and diapause 4.6 Interactions with host plants 4.7 Reproduction and individual development 4.8 Movement and dispersal 4.9 Management implications References 5 - Aphids 5.1 Basic biology 5.1.1 Taxonomy 5.1.2 Morphology 5.1.3 Life cycles 5.1.4 Diversity of aphids affecting potato 5.1.5 Population growth and regulation 5.1.6 Movement and dispersal 5.2 Interactions with host plants 5.2.1 Host finding, recognition, and acceptance 5.2.2 Phloem feeding 5.2.3 Overcoming plant defenses 5.2.4 Social facilitation 5.3 Virus transmission 5.4 Management approaches 5.4.1 Monitoring aphid populations 5.4.2 Aphid control versus virus control 5.4.3 Manipulation of crop borders 5.4.4 Mineral oils 5.5 Summary and future directions References 6 - Psyllids 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) 6.2.1 Identification 6.2.2 Geographic distribution 6.2.3 Biology and ecology 6.2.3.1 Host range 6.2.3.2 Haplotypes 6.2.3.3 Lifecycle and reproductive biology 6.2.3.4 Phenology 6.2.4 Damage 6.2.4.1 Psyllid yellows 6.2.4.2 Zebra chip disease 6.2.4.2.1 Symptoms 6.2.4.2.2 Liberibacter, the putative causal agent of ZC 6.2.4.2.3 Lso haplotypes 6.2.4.2.4 Geographic distribution 6.2.4.2.5 Epidemiology 6.2.4.2.6 Economic impact 6.2.5 Management 6.2.5.1 Monitoring 6.2.5.2 Insecticides 6.2.5.3 Cultural and physical control 6.2.5.4 Biological control 6.2.5.5 Host plant resistance 6.3 Other psyllids 6.3.1 Bactericera nigricornis 6.3.2 Russelliana solanicola 6.3.3 Acizzia spp. 6.4 Final remarks References 7 - Wireworms as pests of potato 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Elaterid biology 7.2.1 Wireworm diversity 7.2.2 Identification 7.2.2.1 Identifications based on larval morphology 7.2.2.2 Molecular approaches 7.2.2.3 Pheromone-based approaches 7.3 Species of economic importance in the holarctic 7.3.1 Pacific Northwest, Montana, California 7.3.2 Midwestern USA 7.3.3 Mid-Atlantic, Central Eastern USA 7.3.4 Southeastern USA 7.3.5 Northeastern USA 7.3.6 Canada, Alaska 7.3.7 Russia and Eastern Europe 7.3.8 Western and Central Europe 7.3.9 Asia 7.4 Differences within economic species 7.4.1 Mating, oviposition, and larval development 7.4.2 Larval activity 7.4.3 Preferences in soil type and soil moisture content 7.4.4 Feeding preferences 7.5 Wireworms and the potato crop 7.6 Sampling 7.6.1 Wireworm sampling and risk assessment 7.6.1.1 Absolute sampling methods 7.6.1.2 Relative sampling methods 7.6.1.3 Absolute versus relative sampling 7.6.1.4 Timing of sampling in potato fields 7.6.1.5 Habitat and risk to potatoes 7.6.2 Click beetle sampling 7.6.2.1 Pheromone traps 7.6.2.2 In-field click beetle monitoring 7.6.2.3 Field headland click beetle monitoring 7.6.2.4 Other click beetle trapping systems 7.7 Wireworm control 7.7.1 Cultural methods 7.7.1.1 Crop avoidance and rotation 7.7.1.2 Cultivation 7.7.1.3 Soil amendments 7.7.1.4 Potato varietal tolerance 7.7.1.5 Early harvest 7.7.2 Chemical methods 7.7.2.1 Wireworm controls 7.7.2.2 Organochlorines 7.7.2.3 Organophosphates and carbamates 7.7.2.4 Neonicotinoids 7.7.2.5 Synthetic pyrethroids 7.7.2.6 Phenylpyrazols 7.7.2.7 Diamides 7.7.2.8 Meta diamides 7.7.2.9 Insecticide combinations 7.7.2.10 Click beetle controls 7.7.3 Biological controls 7.7.3.1 Predators 7.7.3.2 Microbial pathogens 7.7.3.3 Nematodes 7.7.4 Semiochemical controls 7.8 Conclusions References 8 - Potato tuberworm∗ 8.1 Taxonomy of P. operculella and other “tuberworms” 8.2 Phthorimaea operculella distribution around the world 8.2.1 America 8.2.2 Asia and Australasia 8.2.3 Europe 8.3 Host range 8.4 Life cycle 8.4.1 Adults 8.4.2 Eggs 8.4.3 Larvae 8.4.4 Pupae 8.5 Life table 8.6 Damage in the field 8.7 Damage from field to storage 8.8 Developmental thresholds and temperatures 8.9 Monitoring Phthorimaea operculella 8.9.1 Pheromones 8.9.2 Trapping 8.10 Integrated pest management of P. operculella 8.10.1 Cultural control 8.10.1.1 Elimination of volunteer potatoes and cull piles 8.10.1.2 Rolling potatoes 8.10.1.3 Vine killing 8.10.1.4 Soil moisture 8.10.2 Biological control 8.10.2.1 Parasitoids 8.10.2.2 Predators 8.10.2.3 Nematodes 8.10.2.4 Pathogens 8.10.3 Chemical control 8.10.4 Control in storage 8.10.5 Plant resistance 8.11 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9 - Hemipterans, other than aphids and psyllids affecting potatoes worldwide 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Leafhoppers 9.2.1 Empoasca fabae (potato leafhopper) 9.2.1.1 Biology and ecology 9.2.1.2 Damage and pest status 9.2.1.3 Pest management 9.2.2 Empoasca decipiens (green leafhopper) 9.2.2.1 Biology and ecology 9.2.2.2 Damage and pest status 9.2.2.3 Pest management 9.2.3 Circulifer tenellus (beet leafhopper) 9.2.3.1 Biology and ecology 9.2.3.2 Damage and pest status 9.2.3.3 Pest management 9.2.4 Macrosteles quadrilineatus (aster leafhopper) 9.2.4.1 Biology and ecology 9.2.4.2 Damage and pest status 9.2.4.3 Pest management 9.3 Planthoppers 9.3.1 Hyalesthes obsoletus 9.3.2 Reptalus panzeri and R. quinquecostatus 9.4 True bugs 9.4.1 Lygaeidae (seed bugs) 9.4.2 Pentatomidae (stinkbugs) 9.4.3 Miridae (plant bugs) 9.4.4 Lygus hesperus and L. elisus 9.4.4.1 Biology and ecology 9.4.4.2 Damage and pest status 9.4.4.3 Pest management 9.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 10 - Potato ladybirds 10.1 Underappreciated defoliator 10.2 Morphology 10.3 Geographic distribution, host range, and taxonomy 10.4 Damage 10.5 Biology 10.5.1 Life cycle 10.5.2 Interactions with host plants 10.5.3 Abiotic effects 10.5.4 Natural enemies 10.6 Management 10.6.1 Chemical control 10.6.2 Biological control 10.6.3 Host plant resistance 10.6.4 Other methods 10.7 Conclusions and future directions References III - Management approaches 11 - Chemical control 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Early history of chemical control in potatoes 11.3 The pesticide treadmill 11.3.1 Chlorinated hydrocarbons 11.3.2 Organophosphates and carbamates 11.3.3 Pyrethroids 11.3.4 Neonicotinoids 11.4 A plethora of chemical control options still available in the 21st century 11.4.1 Diamides 11.4.2 Cryolite 11.4.3 Avermectins 11.4.4 Novaluron 11.4.5 Cyromazine 11.4.6 Indoxacarb 11.4.7 Metaflumizone 11.4.8 Tolfenpyrad 11.4.9 Spinosyns 11.5 Insecticide options for organic potatoes 11.5.1 Pyrethrins 11.5.2 Azadirachtin 11.5.3 Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis (Bt) 11.6 Chemical control of hemipteran pests 11.6.1 Pymetrozine 11.6.2 Flonicamid 11.6.3 Spirotetramat 11.7 Chemical control of wireworms 11.8 Chemical control of potato tuberworm 11.9 Final thoughts References 12 - Insecticidal RNA interference (RNAi) for control of potato pests 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Parameters affecting insecticidal activity of dsRNA 12.3 Delivery of dsRNA to potato pests 12.4 Safety of insecticidal dsRNA 12.5 Use of dsRNA against potato pests 12.5.1 Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) 12.5.2 The 28-spotted potato ladybird (Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata) 12.5.3 Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) 12.5.4 Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) 12.5.5 Potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) 12.6 Resistance to dsRNA and management in potato 12.7 Conclusions and future prospects Acknowledgments References 13 - Biological and behavioral control of potato insect pests 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Natural enemies of major potato pests 13.2.1 Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 13.2.1.1 Bacteria and Colorado potato beetle 13.2.1.2 Entomopathogenic fungi and Colorado potato beetle 13.2.1.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes and Colorado potato beetle 13.2.1.4 Egg parasitoids 13.2.1.5 Larval and adult parasitoids: Myiopharus spp. 13.2.1.6 Carabid predator-parasitoid: Lebia grandis Hentz 13.2.1.7 Predatory stink bugs: Perillus and Podisus 13.2.1.8 Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) and other Coccinellidae 13.2.1.9 Interaction among Colorado potato beetle natural enemies 13.2.1.10 Semiochemicals and Colorado potato beetle 13.2.2 Potato tuber moths (tuberworms) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) 13.2.2.1 Viruses of potato tuber moths 13.2.2.2 Bacillus thuringiensis for potato tuber moth control 13.2.2.3 Fungi and potato tuber moths 13.2.2.4 Entomopathogenic nematodes and potato tuber moths 13.2.2.5 Arthropod natural enemies of potato tuber moths 13.2.2.6 Classical biological control of potato tuber moth 13.2.2.7 Inundative biological control of potato tuber moths 13.2.2.8 Semiochemical-based behavioral tools for management of potato tuber moths 13.2.2.9 Summary of biological and behavioral control for tuber moth species 13.2.3 Hadda beetle and potato lady beetle: Epilachna spp. 13.2.3.1 Fungi and Epilachna spp. 13.2.3.2 Arthropod natural enemies of hadda beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata 13.2.3.3 Arthropod natural enemies of Potato lady beetle, Epilachna vigintioctomaculata 13.2.3.4 Annual inoculation of Pediobius against Epilachna in USA 13.2.3.5 Summary of role of biological control for Epilachna potato pests 13.2.3.6 Possible role of attractants in behavioral manipulation of lady beetles 13.2.4 Andean potato weevil 13.2.4.1 Natural enemies of Andean potato weevils: bacteria 13.2.4.2 Natural enemies of Andean potato weevils: fungi 13.2.4.3 Natural enemies of Andean potato weevils: entomopathogenic nematodes 13.2.4.4 Arthropod natural enemies of Andean potato weevil 13.2.4.5 Biological control in context of IPM for Andean potato weevil 13.2.5 Wireworms (Elateridae) 13.2.5.1 Bacteria and wireworms 13.2.5.2 Fungal pathogens and wireworms 13.2.5.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes and wireworms 13.2.6 Potato psyllid 13.2.6.1 Potato psyllid natural enemies in original and invaded regions 13.2.6.2 Fungi and potato psyllid 13.2.6.3 Potential for symbiont manipulation? 13.2.6.4 Attractants for potato psyllid? 13.2.6.5 Overall context for sustainable potato psyllid management including biocontrol 13.2.7 Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) 13.3 Biological and behavioral control deployments 13.3.1 Conservation biocontrol 13.3.2 Augmentative and inundative biocontrol 13.3.3 Introduction biocontrol 13.3.4 Biological and behavioral control: interactions with other management methods 13.3.5 Interaction with chemical control (insecticides, fungicides) 13.3.6 Interaction with cultural controls (cultivar, tillage, rotation) 13.3.7 Interaction with crop resistance (cultivar, transgenes) 13.3.8 Interactions between microbial and arthropod biological controls 13.4 Endophytic fungi 13.5 Pheromones for monitoring and population management 13.6 Interactions of biological and behavioral control 13.7 Current and future research needs 13.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 14 - Potato resistance against insect herbivores 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Natural variation in potato insect resistance 14.2.1 Glycoalkaloids 14.2.2 Trichomes 14.2.3 Other defenses 14.2.4 Potato tolerance to insect pests 14.3 Engineered resistance 14.3.1 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxins 14.3.2 Protease inhibitors 14.3.3 Avidins 14.3.4 Lectins 14.3.5 RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing in insects 14.3.6 Plant gene silencing 14.4 Constraints on host plant resistance 14.5 Future directions References 15 - Cultural control and other non-chemical methods 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Management of abiotic conditions 15.2.1 Site selection, planting and harvest time 15.2.2 Soil tillage 15.2.3 Soil moisture 15.2.4 Mulches 15.2.5 Fertilizers and other soil amendments 15.2.6 Physical control methods 15.3 Management of biotic conditions 15.3.1 Intercropping 15.3.2 Trap crops and barrier crops 15.4 Examples of habitat management 15.4.1 Push-pull and trap crop strategies 15.4.2 Cover-crop residues 15.4.3 Antifeedants 15.5 Concluding remarks References Further readings IV Problems and solutions in major potato-producing areas of the world 16 - Latin America potato production: pests and foes 16.1 History of potato production in Latin America 16.2 Unintentional and intentional breeding efforts 16.3 Potato's contribution to the national economies 16.4 Potato issues in Latin America 16.5 Integrated pest management approach to control pest problems in potatoes: common issues across diverse regions 16.6 Main pests affecting potato production in Latin America 16.6.1 Order Hemiptera 16.6.1.1 Family Aphididae 16.6.1.2 Family Miridae 16.6.1.3 Family Triozidae 16.6.2 Order Lepidoptera 16.6.2.1 Family Gelechiidae 16.6.3 Order Diptera 16.6.3.1 Family Agromyzidae 16.6.4 Order Coleoptera 16.6.4.1 Family Curculionidae 16.6.4.2 Family Meloidae 16.6.4.3 Family Scarabeidae 16.6.4.4 Family Chrysomelidae 16.6.5 Order Thysanoptera 16.7 Natural enemies References 17 - The United States of America and Canada 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Potato farming in overall economy 17.3 Local agroclimatic conditions 17.4 Main producers and market conditions 17.5 Main insect pests 17.6 Methods of pest control 17.7 Problems and perspectives References 18 - Regional overview of potato pest problem in EU 18.1 Potato has been cultivated in Europe for over 500 years 18.2 Two major pests of potato in Europe 18.3 Potato farming was worth EUR 11 billion in 2017 18.4 Biggest current pest problems 18.5 Means of mitigating pest problems 18.6 Future challenges 18.6.1 International trade 18.6.2 Warming climate 18.6.3 Agricultural policies and consumer choices References 19 - Russian Federation, Belarus, and Ukraine 19.1 History and local characteristics of potato production 19.2 Russian Federation 19.2.1 Potato farming in overall economy 19.2.2 Local agroclimatic conditions 19.2.3 Main producers and market conditions 19.2.4 Main insect pests 19.2.5 Methods of pest control 19.2.6 Problems and perspectives 19.3 Republic of Belarus 19.3.1 Potato farming in overall economy 19.3.2 Local agroclimatic conditions 19.3.3 Major potato producers 19.3.4 Main insect pests 19.3.5 Methods of pest control 19.3.6 Problems and perspectives 19.4 Ukraine 19.4.1 Potato farming in overall economy 19.4.2 Local agroclimatic conditions 19.4.3 Major potato producers 19.4.4 Main insect pests 19.4.5 Methods of pest control 19.4.6 Problems and perspectives 19.5 Summary and conclusions References 20 - China and Central Asia 20.1 Potato production in China and Central Asia 20.1.1 China 20.1.2 Central Asia 20.2 Abundance, the relative importance of potato pests in China and Central Asia 20.2.1 China 20.2.2 Central Asia 20.2.2.1 Uzbekistan 20.2.2.2 Kazakhstan 20.2.2.3 Kyrgyzstan 20.2.2.4 Tajikistan and Turkmenistan 20.3 Management practices of key potato pests in China and Central Asia 20.3.1 China 20.3.1.1 Aphids 20.3.1.2 Ladybirds 20.3.1.3 Below ground insect pests 20.3.1.4 Potato tuber moth 20.3.1.5 Colorado potato beetle 20.3.2 Central Asia 20.3.2.1 Uzbekistan 20.3.2.2 Kazakhstan 20.3.2.3 Kyrgyzstan 20.3.2.4 Tajikistan and Turkmenistan 20.4 Conclusions References 21 - Insect pests of potato in India: biology and management 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Root and tuber-eating pests 21.2.1 White grubs 21.2.1.1 Biology of white grubs 21.2.1.1.1 Brahmina coriacea 21.2.1.1.2 Holotrichia longipennis 21.2.1.1.3 Holotrichia seticollis 21.2.1.1.4 Holotrichia serrata 21.2.1.1.5 Anomala dimidiata 21.2.1.2 Management 21.2.2 Cutworms 21.2.3 Surface cutworm, Agrotis spinifera 21.2.4 Greasy cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon 21.2.5 Common cutworm, Agrotis segetum 21.2.6 Gram cutworm, Agrotis flammatra 21.2.6.1 Agrotis interacta 21.2.6.1.1 Management 21.2.7 Wireworms 21.2.7.1 Biology 21.2.7.2 Management 21.2.8 Termites and ants 21.2.8.1 Management 21.2.9 Potato tuber moth 21.2.9.1 Management 21.2.10 Mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot 21.2.10.1 Management 21.2.11 Minor pests 21.3 Sap-feeding pests 21.3.1 Aphids 21.3.1.1 Biology of M. persicae 21.3.1.2 Management of aphids 21.3.2 Leafhoppers 21.3.2.1 Nature of damage 21.3.2.2 Transmission of diseases 21.3.2.3 Biology of leafhoppers 21.3.2.3.1 Amrasca biguttula biguttula 21.3.2.3.2 Empoasca kerri motti 21.3.2.3.3 Empoasca punjabensis 21.3.2.3.4 E. solanifolia 21.3.2.3.5 E. fabae 21.3.2.4 Control of leafhoppers 21.3.3 Thrips 21.3.3.1 Nature of damage 21.3.3.2 Biology 21.3.3.3 Transmission of tospo viruses 21.3.3.4 Control 21.3.4 White flies 21.3.4.1 Nature of damage 21.3.4.1.1 Biology of B. tabaci 21.3.4.2 Transmission of potato apical leaf curl virus 21.3.4.3 Control 21.3.5 Sap-sucking bugs 21.3.5.1 Green potato bug, Nezara viridula (Linn.) 21.3.5.1.1 Creontiades pallidifer (Walker) 21.3.5.1.2 Piezodorus hybneri (Gmelin) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) 21.3.5.1.2.1 Recaredus sp. 21.4 Leaf-eating and defoliating insects 21.4.1 Defoliating caterpillars 21.4.1.1 Cabbage semilooper, Plusia orichalcea (Fab.) 21.4.2 Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) 21.4.3 Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Walker) 21.4.4 Hairy caterpillar, Dasychira mendosa (Hubner) 21.4.5 Tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.) 21.4.6 Gram pod borer, Heliothis armigera (Hubner) 21.4.7 Eggplant borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee 21.4.7.1 Management of lepidopterous defoliators 21.4.8 Leaf-eating beetles 21.4.8.1 Hadda beetles 21.4.9 Flea beetles, Psyllodes plana Maulik 21.4.10 Blister beetle, Epicauta hirticornis Hagg 21.4.11 Gray weevil, Myllocerus subfasciatus Guerin References 22 - Australia and New Zealand 22.1 Overview of the industry 22.2 Main pests 22.3 Control methods Acknowledgments References 23 - Management of potato pests and diseases in Africa 23.1 Overview 23.2 Potato pests and diseases 23.2.1 Insect pests 23.2.1.1 Potato tuber moth 23.2.1.2 Aphids 23.2.1.3 Leafminers 23.2.1.4 Loopers 23.2.1.5 Cutworms 23.2.1.6 Armyworms 23.2.1.7 Thrips 23.2.1.8 Mites 23.2.2 Plant parasitic nematodes 23.2.2.1 Root-knot nematodes 23.2.2.2 Potato cyst nematodes 23.2.3 Potato diseases 23.2.3.1 Potato viruses 23.2.3.2 Bacterial wilt 23.2.3.3 Common scab 23.2.3.4 Powdery scab 23.2.3.5 Late blight 23.2.3.6 Early blight 23.2.3.7 Verticillium wilt 23.3 Pest and disease management practices 23.3.1 Chemical control 23.3.2 Biological control 23.3.3 Cultural control 23.3.4 Plant host resistance 23.3.4.1 The potato tuber moth 23.3.4.2 Aphids and aphid-vectored viruses 23.3.4.3 Plant parasitic nematodes 23.3.4.4 Bacterial wilt 23.3.4.5 Late blight 23.3.4.6 Common scab 23.4 Conclusion References V - Basic science in potato pest management 24 - Evolutionary considerations in potato pest management 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Fundamentals of evolution 24.3 Applied evolution 24.4 Evolution in agricultural ecosystems 24.5 Evolutionary process of becoming a pest 24.6 An obscure leaf beetle turns into a major pest of potatoes 24.7 Insecticide resistance 24.7.1 Insecticide treadmill 24.7.2 Colorado potato beetle as a resistant superbug 24.7.3 Green peach aphid – resistance in a mostly parthenogenic organism 24.7.4 Resistance to nonchemical control methods 24.7.5 Resistance management 24.7.6 Epigenetic considerations 24.8 Interactions with abiotic environment 24.9 Human turn to adapt? 24.10 Conclusions References 25 - Ecology of a potato field 25.1 “Potatoes partly made of oil” 25.2 An underappreciated challenge 25.3 Healthy soils and healthy plants 25.4 Dawn of the killer fungi 25.5 The power of connections Acknowledgments References 26 - Ecological and evolutionary factors mitigating Colorado potato beetle adaptation to insecticides 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Genetic variation 26.3 Pesticide use 26.3.1 Insecticides 26.3.2 Fungicides 26.4 Noncrop host plants 26.5 Natural enemies 26.6 Crop rotation 26.7 Climate suitability 26.7.1 Temperature 26.7.2 Water availability 26.7.3 Fitness trade-offs 26.8 Future research 26.8.1 Examining parallel patterns of evolution of insecticide resistance in Europe 26.8.2 Regulation of gene expression 26.8.3 Legacies of historic insecticide exposure 26.8.4 Prolonged dormancy 26.8.5 Linking noncrop host plant utilization with insecticide susceptibility 26.8.6 Interactions with regional potato cultivars 26.8.7 Importance of natural enemies 26.8.8 Climate suitability 26.9 Conclusion Acknowledgments References VI - Current challenges and future directions 27 - Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in potatoes 27.1 What is IPM? 27.2 The elements of IPM 27.2.1 Biological control agents 27.2.2 Cultural controls 27.2.3 Pesticides 27.3 An IPM strategy for potatoes typical in Australia 27.4 Taught everywhere but typically slow and low rates of adoption. Why? 27.5 Changing to IPM when a crisis occurs or avoiding a crisis. Examples beyond potatoes 27.6 How to achieve rapid adoption of IPM in the absence of a crisis 27.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 28 - Epilogue: the road to sustainability References Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z Back Cover "Insect Pests of Potato: Biology and Management" provides a comprehensive source of up-to-date scientific information on the biology and management of insects attacking potato crops, with an international and expert cast of contributors providing its contents. This book presents a complete review of the scientific literature from the considerable research effort over the last 15 years, providing the necessary background information to the subject of studying the biology management of insect pests of potatoes, assessment of recent scientific advances, and a list of further readings. This comprehensive review will be of great benefit to a variety of scientists involved in potato research and production, as well as to those facing similar issues in other crop systems. Written by top experts in the field, this is the only publication covering the biology, ecology and management of all major potato pestsEmphasizes ecological and evolutionary approaches to pest managementSummarizes information from hard-to-get publications in China, India, and Russia