Insect Bioecology and Nutrition for Integrated Pest Management (Contemporary Topics in Entomology (CRC))

Content: General Aspects Introduction to Insect Bioecology and Nutrition for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Antonio R. Panizzi and Jose R. P. Parra Nutritional Indices for Measuring Insect Food Intake and Utilization Jose R. P. Parra, Antonio R. Panizzi, and Marineia L. Haddad The Evolution of Artificial Diets and Their Interactions in Science and Technology Jose R. P. Parra Molecular and Evolutionary Physiology of Insect Digestion Walter R. Terra and Clelia Ferreira Insect-Plant Interactions Marina A. Pizzamiglio-Gutierrez Symbionts and Nutrition of Insects Edson Hirose, Antonio R. Panizzi, and Simone S. Prado Bioecology and Nutrition versus Chemical Ecology: The Multitrophic Interactions Mediated by Chemical Signals Jose M. S. Bento and Cristiane Nardi Cannibalism in Insects Alessandra F. K. Santana, Ana C. Roselino, Fabricio A. Cappelari, and Fernando S. Zucoloto Implications of Plant Hosts and Insect Nutrition on Entomopathogenic Diseases Daniel R. Sosa-Gomez Specific Aspects Neotropical Ants (Hymenoptera) Functional Groups: Nutritional and Applied Implications Carlos R. F. Brandao, Rogerio R. Silva, and Jacques H. C. Delabie Social Bees (Bombini, Apini, Meliponini) Astrid M. P. Kleinert, Mauro Ramalho, Marilda Cortopassi-Laurino, Marcia F. Ribeiro, and Vera L. Imperatriz-Fonseca Defoliators (Lepidoptera) Alessandra F. K. Santana, Carla Cresoni-Pereira, and Fernando S. Zucoloto Seed-Sucking Bugs (Heteroptera) Antonio R. Panizzi and Flavia A. C. Silva Seed-Chewing Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) Cibele S. Ribeiro-Costa and Lucia M. Almeida Rhizophagous Beetles (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) Lenita J. Oliveira and Jose R. Salvadori Gall-Inducing Insects: From Anatomy to Biodiversity G. Wilson Fernandes, Marco A. A. Carneiro, and Rosy M. S. Isaias Detritivorous Insects Julio N. C. Louzada and Elizabeth S. Nichols Insect Pests in Stored Grain Sonia M. N. Lazzari and Flavio A. Lazzari Fruit Flies (Diptera) Carla Cresoni-Pereira and Fernando S. Zucoloto Sap-Sucking Insects (Aphidoidea) Sonia M. N. Lazzari and Regina C. Zonta-de-Carvalho Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) Fernando L. Consoli and S. Bradleigh Vinson Predatory Bugs (Heteroptera) Vanda H. P. Bueno and Joop C. van Lenteren Predatory Beetles (Coccinellidae) Lucia M. Almeida and Cibele S. Ribeiro-Costa Green Lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Predatory Lifestyle Gilberto S. Albuquerque, Catherine A. Tauber, and Maurice J. Tauber Hematophages (Diptera, Siphonaptera, Hemiptera, Phthiraptera) Mario A. Navarro-Silva and Ana C. D. Bona Applied Aspects Plant Resistance and Insect Bioecology and Nutrition Jose D. Vendramim and Elio C. Guzzo Insect Bioecology and Nutrition for Integrated Pest Management Antonio R. Panizzi, Jose R. P. Parra, and Flavia A .C. Silva Index Insect Bioecology And Nutrition For Integrated Pest Management......Page 1 Insect Bioecology And Nutrition For Integrated Pest Management......Page 2 Contents......Page 4 Foreword......Page 6 Preface......Page 9 References......Page 10 Editors......Page 11 Contributors......Page 12 Part I General Aspects......Page 15 1.1 Introduction......Page 16 1.2.3 Food Consumption, Digestion, And Utilization......Page 17 1.2.4.2 Food And Chemical Ecology......Page 18 1.3.2 Feeding Habits Of Phytophagous Insects......Page 19 1.3.4 Feeding Habits Of Hematophogous Insects......Page 20 1.5 Insect Bioecology, Nutrition, And Integrated Pest Management......Page 21 References......Page 22 Contents......Page 25 2.1 Introduction......Page 26 2.2 Nutritional Indices For Measuring Food Intake And Utilization......Page 28 2.2.2 Quantity Of Food Consumed......Page 29 2.2.3 Weight Gains By The Insect......Page 30 2.3.5 Efficiency Of Conversion Of Digested Food......Page 31 2.3.6 Approximate Digestibility Ad......Page 33 2.4.2.1 Colorimetric Methods......Page 35 2.4.2.3 Uric Acid Method......Page 36 2.4.2.6 Calorimetric Method......Page 37 2.5 Comparison Of Methods......Page 40 2.7 Food Consumption And Use For Growth In The Larval Phase......Page 42 2.7.1 Number Of Instars......Page 45 2.7.3 Food Intake And Utilization Through Instars......Page 47 2.8.1 Food Quality......Page 48 2.8.2 Food Selection And Acceptance......Page 50 2.8.3 The Role Of Allelochemicals......Page 51 2.9 Final Considerations......Page 53 References......Page 54 Contents......Page 62 3.1 the Importance of Rearing Insects in the Laboratory......Page 63 3.2 History of Artificial Diets......Page 66 3.3.3 Maintaining Populations on artificial Diets......Page 70 3.3.6 Mass rearing......Page 71 3.4 terminology Used in Artificial Diets......Page 72 3.5 General Principles of nutrition......Page 73 3.6 types of Artificial Diets......Page 74 3.7.1 Feeding Habits......Page 75 3.7.2 Types of Mouthparts......Page 76 3.7.2.1 Mouthparts of Adult and Immature Insects......Page 77 3.8.2 Chemical Stimuli......Page 78 3.9.1.1 Amino Acids......Page 79 3.9.1.2 Vitamins......Page 80 3.9.1.4 Carbohydrates......Page 81 3.9.1.8 Water......Page 82 3.9.3 Symbionts......Page 83 3.10.1 general Components......Page 84 3.10.2 adult requirements......Page 85 3.11 Rearing techniques......Page 87 3.12 sequence for Preparing an Artificial Diet......Page 88 3.14.1 room for Diet Preparation......Page 90 3.14.3 room for larval Development......Page 91 3.15 How to Begin an Artificial Diet......Page 92 3.16 evaluation of Artificial Diets......Page 93 3.18 the Future of Artificial Diets......Page 96 ReFeRenCes......Page 97 5.1 Introduction......Page 131 5.2 Development of Plants and Insects in Geologic time......Page 132 5.3 History of Plant?Insect Interactions and theories on evolution......Page 133 5.3.1 Theory of Coevolution......Page 134 5.4 Plant Perspective......Page 135 5.4.2 Cost of Defense in Plants......Page 138 5.5.1 Avoiding Host Plant Defenses......Page 139 5.5.2 Metabolizing and Sequestering Plant Toxins......Page 140 5.6 Herbivore Generalists and specialists......Page 141 5.7 the tertiary trophic Level......Page 142 5.7.1 Effects of Abiotic Factors in Tritrophic Interactions......Page 143 5.8 Final Considerations......Page 145 ReFeRenCes......Page 146 6.1 Introduction......Page 154 6.2.1 Fungus-growing Insects......Page 155 6.2.1.2 Ant Subfamily Myrmicinae?attine......Page 156 6.3 Internal Symbionts......Page 157 6.3.2 Secondary Symbionts......Page 158 6.3.3 Symbionts In Heteroptera......Page 159 6.4.1 Buchnera......Page 162 6.4.2 Wigglesworthia......Page 163 6.4.4 Sitophilus Oryzae Primary Endosymbiont sope......Page 164 References......Page 165 7.1 Introduction......Page 172 7.2 Mechanisms For Host Search In Insects......Page 173 7.3.1 Plant?herbivore Interactions......Page 174 7.3.1.1 Constitutive Volatiles And Plant?herbivore Interactions......Page 175 7.3.1.2 Induced Volatiles And Plant?herbivore Interactions......Page 176 7.3.1.3 The Effect Of Plant Volatiles On Insect Pheromone Emission......Page 177 7.3.2.2 Induced Volatiles And Plant?herbivore?natural Enemies......Page 178 7.4 Final Considerations......Page 180 References......Page 181 8.1 Introduction......Page 185 8.2.2 Food Availability And Quality......Page 187 8.2.3 Population Density......Page 190 8.2.4 Victim Availability......Page 191 8.3.1.1 Benefits......Page 192 8.3.1.2 Costs And Related Strategies......Page 193 8.3.2.1 Effects On The Population Dynamics......Page 194 8.4 Behavior Selection......Page 195 8.5 Final Considerations......Page 197 References......Page 198 9.1 Introduction......Page 203 9.2 Starvation And Dietary Stress Effects On Entomopathogenic Diseases......Page 204 9.3.2 The Gut Environment And Bacterial Diseases......Page 205 9.4.2 The Gut Environment And Viral Disease Interactions......Page 207 9.5.1 Preinfection Interactions Between The Host Plant And Fungal Mycopathogens......Page 208 9.6 Host Plant Effects On Diseases Caused By Nematodes......Page 209 9.7 Assimilated Compounds And Disease Interactions......Page 210 9.10 Nutritional Implications On Entomopathogenic Diseases In Insect Mass Rearing......Page 211 References......Page 212 Part II Specific Aspects......Page 218 10.1 Introduction......Page 219 10.2 Ant Guilds And Aspects About Their Nutritional Biology......Page 220 10.3.1.1.2 Medium-sized......Page 222 10.3.2 Specialists......Page 223 10.3.2.2.1 Species With Static Pressure Mandibles......Page 224 10.3.2.2.2 Species With Kinetic Mandibles......Page 225 10.3.4 Generalists......Page 226 10.3.4.1 Generalized Myrmicines......Page 227 10.3.4.3 Small-sized Hypogaeic Generalist Foragers......Page 228 10.3.5.2 Litter-nesting Fungus Growers......Page 229 10.3.7 Dominant Arboreal Ants Associated Withcarbohydrate-rich Resources Or Domatia......Page 230 10.3.8 Pollen-feeding Arboreal Ants......Page 231 10.4 Concluding Remarks: From Trophic Guilds To Applied Myrmecology......Page 232 References......Page 234 11.1 Introduction......Page 243 11.2.1 Physical Factors And Temporal Partitioning Of Foraging Activity......Page 244 11.2.2 Niche Width And Floral Resources Allocation......Page 245 11.2.3 Floral Constancy, Load Capacity, And Foraging Strategies......Page 249 11.3.1 Caste Determination And Differentiation In Bombini......Page 254 11.3.2 Caste Determination And Differentiation In Apini......Page 255 11.3.3 Caste Determination And Differentiation In Meliponini......Page 256 11.4 Larval Food In Meliponini......Page 257 11.6.1 Honey Microscopy......Page 258 11.6.2 Honey In Apini......Page 259 11.6.3.1 How To Exploit Meliponini Honey......Page 260 11.6.3.2 Antibacterial Activities......Page 264 11.6.4 Honey Microorganisms......Page 265 11.7 Final Considerations......Page 268 References......Page 269 12.2 Evolution Of Feeding Habits......Page 278 12.3 Morphology and General Biology of the Caterpillars......Page 279 12.3.2 Food Perception......Page 281 12.4.1 Acceptability, Performance, And Preference......Page 283 12.4.1.1.2 Physical Structure And Associated Microfauna......Page 285 12.4.2 Competition And Food Deprivation......Page 286 12.4.4 Dispersal......Page 287 12.4.6 Feeding Periods......Page 288 12.5 Tritrophic Relationships: Presence Of Natural Enemies......Page 290 References......Page 292 13.1 Introduction......Page 299 13.2.1 Nutritional Composition......Page 300 13.2.3 Physical And Structural Aspects......Page 301 13.3.1 Feeding ingestion, Digestion, Excretion, And Food Utilization......Page 302 13.3.3 Oviposition......Page 306 13.3.4 Nymph Development......Page 307 13.3.5 Dispersal Of Nymphs And Adults And Host Plant Choice......Page 308 13.3.6 Natural Enemies And Defense......Page 311 13.4.1.1 Nymphs......Page 312 13.4.1.2 Adults......Page 313 13.4.3 Impact Of Nymph-to-adult Food Switch On Adult Performance......Page 314 13.5.2 Humidity......Page 316 13.6 Adaptations And Responses Of Heteropterans Tochanges In Favorability Of The Environment......Page 317 13.7 Final Considerations......Page 318 References......Page 319 14.1 Introduction......Page 329 14.2 Distribution, Taxonomy, And Morphological Adaptations......Page 331 14.3 Host Plant Specificity......Page 333 14.4 Seed Availability Over Time......Page 336 14.5 Physical And Chemical Defenses Of Fruits And Seeds......Page 337 14.6 Obtaining Energy......Page 338 14.7 Oviposition Behavior......Page 339 14.8 Larval And Pupal Development......Page 342 14.10 Predation Rate And Viability Of Predated Seeds......Page 344 14.11 Reproductive Performance, Diapause, And Dispersal......Page 346 14.12.1 Parasitoids......Page 348 References......Page 350 15.1 Introduction......Page 357 15.2 Roots As A Food Source......Page 359 15.3 Morphological And Biological Features Of Melolonthidians......Page 360 15.4.1 Localization And Selection Of Host Plant By Rhizophagous Insects......Page 363 15.4.2 Food Exploration By Rhizophagous Melolonthidians......Page 364 15.5 Impact Of Environmental Factors On Foodexploration And Performance Of Larvae......Page 365 15.6 Insect Adaptations And Responses To Variations In Abiotic And Biotic Factors......Page 366 References......Page 368 16.1 Introduction......Page 373 16.2 Herbivore Insect Guilds......Page 374 16.3.1 Hemiptera......Page 376 16.3.3 Coleoptera......Page 378 16.3.5 Lepidoptera......Page 379 16.3.6 Diptera......Page 380 16.5 Location And Choice Of The Host Plant......Page 381 16.6 Gall Morphology......Page 383 16.7 Gall Anatomy And Physiology......Page 385 16.8 Gall Development......Page 387 16.9 Gall Classification......Page 389 16.10 Adaptive Significance......Page 391 References......Page 393 17.1 Introduction......Page 401 17.2.1 Detritus Abundance......Page 402 17.2.2 Detritus Distribution......Page 404 17.2.3 Detritus Use......Page 405 17.2.5 Population And Community Consequences Of Detritus Use......Page 406 17.3.1 Adaptations To Access Nutrients In Low Availability......Page 407 17.3.2 Adaptations For Use Of High-availability Detritusthat Is Unpredictable In Space And Time......Page 409 17.4 Mutualisms Between Insects And Microorganisms:role Of Coprophagy In Detritus Use......Page 410 17.5.1 Leaf Litter Decomposition Rates......Page 411 17.5.2 Waste Removal And Related Functions......Page 412 17.5.3 Biological Control Of Other Detritivores......Page 413 References......Page 414 18.1 Introduction......Page 420 18.3 Storage Ecosystem......Page 421 18.4 Major Stored Grain Pests: Feeding Habits And Damage Caused......Page 423 18.5 Mouthparts, Digestive And Excretory Systems......Page 427 18.6 Food And Nutrition Characteristics......Page 428 18.7.1 Stimuli For Oviposition......Page 429 18.7.3 Nutritional Requirements......Page 430 18.7.4 Digestive Enzymes......Page 433 18.7.5 Nutrient Budget And Relative Growth Rate......Page 435 18.8 Physiological And Behavioral Adaptations To food And Environmental Changes......Page 437 18.9 Applications And Perspectives For Stored Pest Management......Page 438 18.9.2 Plant Resistance And Bioactive Compounds......Page 439 18.9.2.2 Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 440 18.9.2.3 Bioactive Compounds......Page 441 18.9.3 Biological Control......Page 443 18.9.5 Lignocellulosic Biofuels......Page 445 References......Page 446 19.1 Introduction......Page 454 19.2 Fruit Flies Foodstuffs......Page 455 19.3 Nutrition......Page 456 19.3.1 Proteins......Page 457 19.3.2 Carbohydrates......Page 459 19.3.4 Vitamins And Mineral Salts......Page 460 19.4 Abiotic Factors......Page 461 19.6 Feeding......Page 462 19.7 Behavior......Page 464 19.8 Applicability And Conclusions......Page 467 References......Page 470 Contents......Page 476 20.2 Evolutionary Aspects And Distribution......Page 477 20.3.1 Structure And Function Of Mouthparts......Page 478 20.3.2 Structure Of Digestive Tract......Page 479 20.4 Nutritional Physiology......Page 480 20.4.1 Host Location And Acceptance......Page 481 20.4.2 Feeding Strategies And Host Plant Condition......Page 483 20.4.3 Phloem Feeding......Page 484 20.4.4 Food Intake Mechanisms And Saliva Composition......Page 485 20.4.5 Food Constituents And Digestive Enzymes......Page 487 20.4.6.1 Amino Acids......Page 490 20.4.7 Feeding Rate And Nutritional Budget......Page 491 20.4.8.1 Development Rate......Page 495 20.4.8.3 Survival Rate......Page 496 20.4.8.4 Changes In Intrinsic Rate Of Natural Increase......Page 497 20.4.10 Symbionts......Page 499 20.5.2 Secondary Compounds......Page 501 20.7 Electrical Penetration Graph And Aphid Feeding......Page 502 20.8 Perspectives For Ipm......Page 505 20.8.2 Biological Control......Page 506 20.8.3 Physical And Chemical Traits In Plant Resistance......Page 507 20.9 Final Considerations......Page 508 References......Page 509 21.1 Introduction......Page 517 21.2 Parasitoid Development Strategies......Page 518 21.3.1 Koinobionts......Page 519 21.3.2 Idiobionts......Page 520 21.4.2 Larva......Page 521 21.4.3 Pupa......Page 522 21.5 Effect Of First Trophic Level In Host?parasitoid Interactions......Page 523 21.6 How Parasitoids Deal With Host Restrictions......Page 524 21.7 Nutrition Of Adult Parasitoids......Page 532 References......Page 533 22.1 Introduction......Page 541 22.2.2 Feeding Behavior And Prey Digestion......Page 544 22.2.3.1.1 Family Anthocoridae......Page 546 22.2.3.1.3 Family Nabidae......Page 547 22.2.3.2.1 Family Pentatomidae......Page 548 22.3.1 Influence Of Food On Development And Reproduction......Page 549 22.3.2 Influence Of Food Quality On Mass Rearing Of Predatory Heteroptera......Page 550 22.4.1 Within Trophic Level Relationships: Cannibalism......Page 553 22.4.2 Within Trophic Level Relationships: Intraguild Predation......Page 554 22.4.3 Predator?plant Interactions......Page 556 22.5 Habitat Choice And Distribution Of Predatory Heteroptera......Page 560 22.6 Predatory Heteroptera Used In Commercial Biological Control......Page 561 References......Page 563 23.1 Introduction......Page 572 23.2 Evolution, Taxonomy, And Morphology......Page 573 23.3.1 Postembryonic Development......Page 575 23.4 Food Selection......Page 577 23.4.1 Food Specificity......Page 578 23.4.2 Food Quality......Page 580 23.4.3 Food Preferences......Page 581 23.6 Cannibalism......Page 582 23.7 Intraguild Competition......Page 583 23.8 Adaptations And Responses To Variations In Abiotic And Biotic Factors......Page 584 23.9 Natural Enemies......Page 585 23.10 Conclusions And Suggestions For Research......Page 586 References......Page 587 Contents......Page 593 24.1 Introduction......Page 594 24.1.1 Taxonomic Considerations......Page 595 24.2.1 Natural Diet Of Lacewings......Page 596 24.2.1.1 Nonpredaceous Adults......Page 597 24.2.1.4 Larval Consumption Of Prey And Efficiency Of Food Conversion......Page 598 24.2.2 Nutritional Requirements And Artificial Diets......Page 599 24.2.2.2 Adult Nutritional Requirements......Page 600 24.3.1 Larval Digestive System......Page 601 24.3.2.1 Search, Contact, And Recognition Of Prey......Page 604 24.3.2.3 Prey Consumption......Page 605 24.3.3.1 Internal Anatomy......Page 606 24.3.3.2.1 Nonpredaceous Adults......Page 607 24.3.3.3 Association With Symbiotic Yeast......Page 608 24.3.4 Adult Feeding Behavior......Page 609 24.3.4.2 Attraction To Plant Volatiles......Page 610 24.3.4.3.1 Long-distance Attraction......Page 611 24.4 Effects Of Food On Lacewing Performance......Page 612 24.4.2 Interactions With Host Plant Of Prey......Page 613 24.4.3 Food And Reproduction......Page 615 24.5.1 Degree Of Prey Specificity......Page 617 24.6.1.2 Rationale......Page 618 24.6.3.1 Recommendation......Page 619 24.6.4.2 Rationale......Page 620 References......Page 621 25.1 Introduction......Page 632 25.2.1 Psychodidae phlebotominae......Page 633 25.2.2 Culicidae......Page 634 25.2.3 Simuliidae......Page 639 25.2.4 Ceratopogonidae......Page 640 25.2.5 Tabanidae......Page 641 25.2.6 Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, And Calliphoridae......Page 642 25.3 Siphonaptera......Page 643 25.4.2 Triatominae......Page 644 25.6 Final Considerations......Page 646 References......Page 647 Part III Applied Aspects......Page 654 26.1 Introduction......Page 655 26.2.1 Stages In Host Selection......Page 656 26.2.2 Evolution Of Insect?plant Interactions......Page 658 26.3 Morphological Resistance And Insect Bioecology And Nutrition......Page 659 26.3.1.1 Silicon......Page 660 26.3.1.2 Lignin......Page 662 26.3.2 Epicuticular Waxes......Page 663 26.3.3 Pilosity Of Epidermis......Page 664 26.4.1.2 Phagodeterrents......Page 665 26.4.2 Antibiotic Factors......Page 667 26.5 Biotechnology And Resistance Of Plants To Insects......Page 668 26.5.1 Lectins......Page 669 26.5.2 Enzymatic Inhibitors......Page 671 26.5.2.1 Protease Inhibitors......Page 672 26.5.2.2 α-Amylase Inhibitors......Page 673 26.5.2.3 Bifunctional Inhibitors......Page 674 References......Page 675 27.1 Introduction......Page 684 27.2.2 Plant Diversity And Stability......Page 685 27.2.3.1 Host Plant Resistance......Page 686 27.2.3.2 Trap Crops......Page 687 27.2.3.4 Functional Allelochemicals......Page 688 27.3.1.1 Host Plant Resistance......Page 689 27.3.1.3 Managing Mixed Crops To Mitigate Heteropterans’ Impact On Soybean......Page 690 27.3.1.4 Use Of Substances That Interfere With Feeding Processto Reduce Heteropterans’ Impact On Soybean......Page 691 27.3.2.1 Host Plant Sequences......Page 692 27.3.2.3 Manipulation Of Preferred Host Plants As Traps......Page 693 27.3.2.4 Role Of Less Preferred Plant Food Sources......Page 694 27.3.3.1 Managing Crop Residues......Page 695 27.4 Conclusions......Page 696 References......Page 697 Index......Page 702 The field of insect nutritional ecology has been defined by how insects deal with nutritional and non-nutritional compounds, and how these compounds influence their biology in evolutionary time. In contrast, Insect Bioecology and Nutrition for Integrated Pest Management presents these entomological concepts within the framework of integrated pest m