Inorganic Reactions and Methods: Formation of Bonds to O, S, Se, Te, Po (Part 2), Volume 6

Boasting numerous industrial applications, inorganic chemistry forms the basis for research into new materials and bioinorganic compounds such as calcium that act as biological catalysts. Now complete, this highly acclaimed series presents current knowledge in all areas of inorganic chemistry, including chemistry of the elements; organometallic, polymeric and solid-state materials; and compounds relevant to bioinorganic chemistry.Content: Chapter 3.7.1 Introduction (pages 1–2): A. D. Norman and W. S. Durfee Chapter 3.7.2.1.2 By Addition to Low?Valent and Unsaturated Metal Complexes (pages 2–3): H. B. Abrahamson Chapter 3.7.2.1.3 By Insertion Into Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 3–4): W. S. Durfee Chapter 3.7.2.2 From Water and Alcohols (page 4): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.7.2.2.2 By Hydrolysis or Alcoholysis of Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 4–6): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.7.2.3 From Hydrogen Peroxide and Organic Peroxides (pages 6–7): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.7.2.3.2 By Oxidation of the Ligands Coordinated to the Metals (page 7): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.7.2.4 From Neutral Oxygen Donor Ligands [Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Pyridine N?Oxides, Phosphine Oxides, Arsine Oxides, and Dialkyl(Aryl) Sulfoxides] (pages 7–8): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.7.2.4.2 By Insertion into the Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 8–9): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.7.2.5 From Bidentate and Polydentate Oxygen Donor Ligands (From Polyethers and Crown Ethers, Macrocycles, 2,4?Pentanedione, etc.) (pages 9–10): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.7.2.6 From Oxides of the Main Group Elements (pages 10–11): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.7.2.6.2 By Reaction with Complexes of the Metals (page 11): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.7.2.6.3 By Insertion into Metal?Ligand Bonds (page 11): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.7.2.7 From OH?, OR?, O22, O?2 (pages 11–12): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.7.2.7.2 By Oxidation of the Metals and their Complexes (page 12): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.7.2.8 By Metal Atom and Related Reactions (pages 12–14): K. J. Klabunde Chapter 3.7.3 Formation of the Bond Between Sulfur and a Group IB or IIB Element (pages 14–15): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.7.3.1.2 By Reaction with Metal Complexes (page 15): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.7.3.2 From Hydrogen Sulfide, Hydrogen Polysulfides, and Thiols (pages 15–18): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.7.3.3 From Thiocarbonyls, Thioethers, Organic Polysulfides, and Other Sulfur Donor Ligands (pages 18–19): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.7.3.4 From Organic Thio Acids and Other Thio Acids of Main Group Elements (pages 19–20): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.7.3.4.2 By Ligand Replacement Reactions with Complexes of the Metals and by Sulfur Atom Abstraction (pages 20–21): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.7.3.5 From Bidentate and Polydentate Sulfur Donor Atoms (pages 21–22): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.7.3.5.2 By Ligand Substitution Reactions (page 22): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.7.3.6 From Sulfur Containing Anions (S2?, S2?, [HS?], [RS]?) (pages 22–27): P. F. Brandt and T. B. Rauchfuss Chapter 3.7.3.7 By Metal Atom and Related Reactions (page 28): K. J. Klabunde Chapter 3.7.4 Formation of the Bond Between Selenium, Tellurium, and Polonium and Group IB or IIB Elements (pages 28–30): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.1.2 Formation of the Bond with Tellurium (pages 30–32): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.1.3 Electrolytic Reactions Between the Elements (page 32): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.2 By Reaction with Group IB or IIB Metal Compounds (pages 33–34): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.2.2 Ternary Compounds (pages 34–35): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.3 By Reactions of Binary Acids of Selenium and Tellurium and their Derivatives by Reaction with Metal Compounds (pages 35–36): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.4 By Reaction of Oxides of Selenium and Tellurium with Metal Compounds (page 37): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.5 By Reactions of the Anions and Oxyanions of the Elements with Metal Compounds (pages 37–38): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6 From Donor Ligands Incorporating the Elements Selenium and Tellurium (pages 39–40): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.1.2 Electrochemically Driven Reactions (page 40): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2 By Reactions with Metal Compounds (pages 40–41): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.1 Reaction with Alkali Metal Selenides, Polyselenides, Tellurides, and Polytellurides (pages 41–43): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.2 Reaction with Organochalcogenides (page 43): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.3 Reaction with Organoselenols and Tellurols (page 44): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.4 Reaction with Trimethylsilyl Chalcogenides (pages 45–46): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.5 Reaction with Dialkylselenocarbamates (page 46): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.6 Reaction with Triphenylphosphine Chalcogenides (pages 46–47): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.7 Reaction with Selenocyanate and Selenourea (pages 47–49): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.8 Reaction with Tetrahydroselenophene and Tetrahydrotellurophene and Derivatives (page 49): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.6.2.9 Reaction with Miscellaneous Ligands (pages 49–50): E. M. Page Chapter 3.7.4.7 By Reaction with Selenium or Tellurium Compounds in Metal?Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (Mocvd) and Related Reactions (pages 50–53): E. M. Page Chapter 3.8.1 Introduction (pages 54–55): A. D. Norman and W. S. Durfee Chapter 3.8.2.1.2 By Addition to Low?Valent and Unsaturated Metal Complexes (pages 55–58): H. B. Abrahamson Chapter 3.8.2.1.3 By Insertion into Metal–Ligand Bonds (pages 58–63): W. S. Durfee Chapter 3.8.2.2 From Water (pages 63–64): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.2.2 By Hydrolysis of Transition and Inner Transition Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 64–65): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.3 From Hydrogen Peroxide (pages 65–66): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.8.2.3.2 By Oxidation of a Ligand Coordinated to a Transition and Inner Transition Metal Complex (Insertion Reaction) (pages 66–67): M. T. Pope, R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.4.2 By Alcoholysis of Transition and Inner Transition Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 67–69): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.4.3 By Oxidation of Transition and Inner Transition Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 69–70): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.5 From Organic Peroxides (page 70): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.8.2.5.2 By Substitution Reactions of Transition and Inner Transition Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 70–72): M. T. Pope, R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.6.2 By Insertion into Transition and Inner Transition Metal?Ligand Bonds: R1R2Co (page 72): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.6.3 By Oxidation of the Transition and Inner Transition Metal Complexes (Ligand Degradation, Oxygen Abstraction) (pages 72–73): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.7 From Bidentate and Polydentate Oxygen Donor Ligands (Crown Ethers, Macrocycles, 2,4?Pentanedione, etc.) (pages 73–75): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.7.2 By Oxidation of Transition and Inner Transition Metal Complexes (pages 75–76): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.8 From Main Group Element Oxides (page 76): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.8.2.8.2 By Insertion into Transition and Inner Transition Metal Bonds (pages 76–77): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.8.2.8.3 By Oxidation of Transition and Inner Transition Metals and their Compounds (pages 77–78): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.8.2.9 From Oh?, O2?, O?2, and O2?2 (pages 78–79): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.8.2.9.2 By Oxidation of the Transition and Inner Transition Metals and their Complexes (page 79): M. T. Pope Chapter 3.8.2.10 From Alkoxide and Carboxylate Anions (pages 79–82): R. C. Mehrotra and B. S. Saraswat Chapter 3.8.2.11 From Metal Atom and Related Reactions (page 82): K. J. Klabunde Chapter 3.8.2.11.2 Oxidative Addition/Complexation Reactions (page 83): K. J. Klabunde Chapter 3.8.2.11.3 Simple Orbital Mixing: Dioxygen and Carbon Dioxide with Metal Atoms (pages 83–84): K. J. Klabunde Chapter 3.8.3 Formation of the Sulfur?Transition and Inner?Transition Metal Bond (pages 84–85): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.1.2 By Reaction with the Transition Metal and Inner Transition Metal Compounds (pages 85–86): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.2 From Hydrogen Sulfide, Polysulfides, and Thiols (pages 86–89): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.2.2 By Insertion of Sulfur into Transition and Inner Transition Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 89–90): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.2.3 By Oxidation of the Transition Metal and Inner Transition Metal Complexes (page 90): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.3 From Thioethers, Organic Polysulfides, and other Sulfur Donor Ligands (pages 90–91): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.4 From Organic Thioacids, Thiophosphates, Xanthates, and other 1,1?Dithio Compounds (See 3.7.3, Table 1) (page 91): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.4.2 By Ligand Replacement Reactions with Complexes of the Metals (pages 92–96): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.4.3 By Insertion of Cs2 (or P4S10) into Metal?Ligand Bonds (pages 96–97): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.5 From Bidentate (Excluding 1,1?Dithiols) and Polydentate Sulfur Donor Ligands (pages 97–98): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.5.2 By Ligand Substitution Reactions (page 98): J. P. Fackler and K. G. Fackler Chapter 3.8.3.6 From Sulfur Anions (S2?, HS?, S2?X, RS?)?Transition and Inner Transition Metal Bonds (pages 98–105): T. B. Rauchfuss Chapter 3.8.3.6.2 With Polysulfido Anions (S2?X) (pages 105–109): T. B. Rauchfuss Chapter 3.8.3.6.3 With Organosulfur Anions [RS]? (pages 109–115): T. B. Rauchfuss Chapter 3.8.3.7 From Metal Atom and Related Reactions (page 115): K. J. Klabunde Chapter 3.8.3.7.2 Oxidative Addition/Complexation Reactions (page 116): K. J. Klabunde Chapter 3.8.4 Formation of the Selenium–, Tellurium–, and Polonium–Transition and Inner Transition Metal Bond (pages 116–123): P. F. Brandt Chapter 3.9.1 Introduction (page 124): M. L. Thompson Chapter 3.9.2 By Reactions of Xenon Fluorides and Oxyfluorides with Oxides and Oxysalts (pages 124–127): M. L. Thompson Chapter 3.9.3 By Reaction of Xenon Fluorides and Oxyfluorides with Oxyacids and their Derivatives1 (pages 127–129): M. L. Thompson Chapter 3.9.4 Bonds Between Oxygen and Krypton or Radon (page 129): M. L. Thompson Chapter 3.10.1 Introduction (pages 130–132): A. D. Norman and M. O'Keeffe Chapter 3.10.1.1.2 External Equilibrium with Oxygen Fugacity (pages 132–133): M. O'Keeffe Chapter 3.10.1.1.3 Relations Between Nonstoichiometry and Physical Properties (pages 133–134): M. O'Keeffe Chapter 3.10.1.2 Nonstoichiometry and Shear Planes (page 134): C. R. A. Catlow Chapter 3.10.1.2.1 Introduction (pages 134–135): C. R. A. Catlow Chapter 3.10.1.2.2 Structural Properties (pages 135–137): C. R. A. Catlow Chapter 3.10.1.2.3 Stability (pages 137–141): C. R. A. Catlow Chapter 3.10.1.3 Extended Defects (pages 141–143): R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.3.2 Tunnel and Pentagonal Column Phases (pages 143–146): R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.3.3 Chemical Twinning and Related Structures (pages 146–148): R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.4 Coherent Intergrowth (pages 149–150): R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.4.2 Disordered Extended Defects (pages 150–151): R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.5 Classification of Nonstoichiometric Oxides (pages 151–152): A. K. Cheetham and R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.5.1 Oxide Phases with Narrow Composition Ranges (pages 152–153): A. K. Cheetham and R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.5.2 Grossly Nonstoichiometric Phases (pages 153–154): A. K. Cheetham and R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.5.3 Homologous Series of Metal Oxides (page 154): A. K. Cheetham and R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.5.4 Coherently Intergrown Structures (page 155): A. K. Cheetham and R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.1.5.5 Oxides with Modulated Structures (pages 155–157): A. K. Cheetham and R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.2 Stable Bivariant Oxide Phases: Nonstoichiometric Oxides Proper (pages 157–158): L. E. Conroy Chapter 3.10.2.2 Binary Oxides with a Wide Composition Range (pages 158–160): L. Eyring Chapter 3.10.2.2.2 Oxygen?Deficient, Fluorite?Related Structures: Lanthanide Oxides (Ce, Pr, and Tb Higher Oxides) (pages 160–165): L Eyring Chapter 3.10.2.2.3 Oxygen?Excess Fluorite Structures, UO2+? (pages 165–166): L. Eyring Chapter 3.10.2.3 Multiple Oxides with Point Defect and Defect Complex Equilibria (pages 166–167): P. K. Gallagher and E. M. Gundlach Chapter 3.10.2.3.2 Point Defect Nonstoichiometry in Spinels and Related Oxides (pages 167–170): P. K. Gallagher and E. M. Gundlach Chapter 3.10.2.3.3 Wide?Range Nonstoichiometry: Perovskite?Derived Structures (pages 170–171): P. K. Gallagher and E. M. Gundlach Chapter 3.10.2.3.4 Wide?Range Nonstoichiometry: Oxygen?Deficient Fluorite Structures1,2 (pages 172–173): P. K. Gallagher and E. M. Gundlach Chapter 3.10.2.3.5 Wide?Range Nonstoichiometry: Mixed Cation Oxides; Induced Valence Effects by Substantial Substitution of Cations Having Different Valency (pages 173–175): P. K. Gallagher and E. M. Gundlach Chapter 3.10.3 Operationally Nonstoichiometric Oxide Phases (pages 175–177): R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.3.1.2 Reo3?Related Structures; Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxides (pages 177–178): R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.3.1.3 Niobium Oxides and Related Structures (pages 178–182): R. J. D. Tilley Chapter 3.10.3.2 Nonstoichiometric Layer Structure Oxides (page 182): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.1 Layered Oxides Based on the Perovskite Structure (pages 183–184): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.1.2 High Temperature Superconducting Cuprates (pages 184–191): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.1.3 Intergrowth of Perovskite with “Bi2O2” Layers: Aurivillius Phases (page 191): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.1.4 Brownmlllerite Family: (Amo3)NAmo2 (pages 192–193): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.1.5 Titanates and Niobates, ANMNO3N+2 and Molybdates, Cs2MoNO3N+1 (pages 193–194): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.2 Oxides Based on the Spinel Structure; Hexagonal Ferrites, ??Alumina Oxide Types, and LiXM2O4 (M = Ti, V, Mn)1?3 (pages 195–196): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.2.2 The ??Alumina Family (pages 196–197): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.2.3 LiXM2O4 (M=Ti,V, Mn) Phases (page 197): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.3 Intergrowths of the Cage Oxide A3M3O21 with a Tunnel Structure, A2M6Si4)261 (pages 197–199): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.4 Oxides with Intercalation Structures: Layers Built up of Edqe?Sharing Octahedra (pages 199–202): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.4.2 HXMoo3: Hydrogen?Intercalated Compounds of Moo3 (pages 202–203): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.4.3 Molybdenum Bronzes AXMoYOZ (pages 203–207): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.4.4 AXMO2 Oxides (pages 207–210): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.4.5 Another Family of AXMo2 Oxides (pages 210–211): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.2.4.6 Titanates and Titanoniobates (or Tantalates) with a Layer Structure (pages 211–214): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3 Tunnel Structure Oxides1–8 (pages 214–215): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.1 Tungsten, Molybdenum Bronzes, and Related Structures1–8 (pages 215–221): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.2 Titanium Bronzes and Related Oxides (pages 222–225): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.3 Hollandite, Psilomelane, Ramsdellite, and Related Oxides (pages 225–228): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.4 Vanadium Bronzes with a Three?Dimensional Structure (page 228): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.5 Complex Oxides with Host Lattice Built up from Octahedra and Tetrahedra (pages 228–229): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.5.1 Phosphate Tungsten Bronzes (PTB) (pages 229–233): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.5.2 Phosphate Niobium Bronzes (PNB) (pages 233–237): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.5.3 Phosphate Molybdenum Oxides (pages 237–239): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.5.4 Other Reduced Transition Metal Phosphates (page 239): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.3.5.5 Siliconiobates, Silicotantalates, and Corresponding Germanium Compounds (pages 239–240): M. Greenblatt and B. Raveau Chapter 3.10.3.4 Adaptive Structures (pages 240–241): R. S. Roth Chapter 3.10.3.4.1 Oxides with Vernier?Type Adaption Structures (pages 241–245): R. S. Roth Chapter 3.10.3.4.2 Double Oxides Based on Tantalum Pentoxide and Related Phases (pages 245–249): R. S. Roth Chapter 3.10.3.4.3 The Metal Uranates and Related Oxides (pages 249–250): L. E. Conroy Chapter 3.10.3.5 Mixed Valence, Mixed Anion Phases, Including Oxides with Cations of Variable Valence (or Mixed Cations) Balanced by Substitution of Altervalent Anions (page 250): L. E. Conroy Chapter 3.11.1 Introduction (pages 251–252): E. Kaldis Chapter 3.11.2 Chemical Bonding and Variation of Physical Properties by Means of Chemical Parameters (pages 252–253): E. Kaldis Chapter 3.11.2.2 4f?Transition Metal (Rare Earth) Chalcogenides (pages 253–255): E. Kaldis Chapter 3.11.3 Synthesis and Crystal Growth Under Controlled Thermodynamic Parameters (pages 255–256): E. Kaldis Chapter 3.11.3.1 Control of Nonstoichiometry (pages 256–259): E. Kaldis Chapter 3.11.3.2 Chemical Vapor Transport of the Chalcogenides (pages 259–260): E. Kaldis Chapter 3.11.4 By Reactions in Chalcogen?Hydrogen Systems (pages 260–261): P. K. Dorhout and H. Steinfink Chapter 3.11.4.2 Of Compounds of Metals (pages 261–262): P. K. Dorhout and H. Steinfink Chapter 3.11.5 By Precipitation Under Normal and Supercritical Conditions (page 262): P. K. Dorhout and H. Steinfink Chapter 3.11.5.1 From Aqueous Solution (pages 262–263): P. K. Dorhout and H. Steinfink Chapter 3.11.5.2 From Nonaqueous Solution (pages 263–264): P. K. Dorhout and H. Steinfink Chapter 3.11.6 By Insertion Reactions from Solutions (pages 264–269): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.1 Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (pages 269–273): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.1.2 Unsolvated Metal Intercalation Compounds: Posttransition Metals (pages 274–276): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.1.3 Unsolvated Metal Intercalation Compounds: Transition Metals (page 276): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.1.4 “Misfit Layer Compounds” (pages 277–278): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.1.5 Solvated Phases (pages 278–282): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.1.6 Molecular Intercalation Compounds (pages 282–284): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.1.7 Complex Intercalated Species (pages 284–286): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.2 Other Layered Chalcogenides (pages 286–289): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.3 Chain Stuctures (pages 290–292): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6 A Framework Structures (pages 292–293): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.6.4.2 Structures with a Three?Dimensional Net of Channels (pages 293–295): A. Lerf Chapter 3.11.7 By Reactions in Melts (pages 295–296): P. K. Dorhout and H. Steinfink Chapter 3.11.7.1 In Molten Metals (page 296): P. K. Dorhout and H. Steinfink Chapter 3.11.7.2 In Molten Salts (pages 296–297): P. K. Dorhout and H. Steinfink