Inorganic Chemistry (2nd Edition)

A leading textbook which offers a fresh and engaging approach to the teaching of modern inorganic chemistry and gives a clear, well-balanced introduction to the key principles of the subject. The brand new full-colour text design with three-dimensional illustrations brings the subject to life. Students are able to relate the chemistry they learn to everyday life through numerous applications and topic boxes. Cover......Page 1 Inorganic Chemistry......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 Preface to the second edition......Page 32 Preface to the first edition......Page 34 Fundamental particles of an atom......Page 38 Atomic number, mass number and isotopes......Page 39 Successes in early quantum theory......Page 40 An introduction to wave mechanics......Page 43 Atomic orbitals......Page 46 Many-electron atoms......Page 53 The periodic table......Page 54 The aufbau principle......Page 58 Ionization energies and electron affinities......Page 60 Bonding models: an introduction......Page 63 Homonuclear diatomic molecules: valence bond (VB) theory......Page 64 Homonuclear diatomic molecules: molecular orbital (MO) theory......Page 66 Electronegativity values......Page 73 Dipole moments......Page 76 MO theory: heteronuclear diatomic molecules......Page 78 Molecular shape and the VSEPR model......Page 80 Molecular shape: geometrical isomerism......Page 85 Nuclear binding energy......Page 90 Radioactivity......Page 92 Artificial isotopes......Page 94 Nuclear fission......Page 95 Syntheses of transuranium elements......Page 98 Nuclear fusion......Page 99 Applications of isotopes......Page 100 Sources of 2H and 13C......Page 102 Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry......Page 104 Mo ̈ssbauer spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry......Page 110 Symmetry operations and symmetry elements......Page 116 Successive operations......Page 121 Point groups......Page 122 Character tables: an introduction......Page 126 Infrared spectroscopy......Page 127 Chiral molecules......Page 132 Valence bond theory: hybridization of atomic orbitals......Page 137 Valence bond theory: multiple bonding in polyatomic molecules......Page 142 Molecular orbital theory: the ligand group orbital approach and application to triatomic molecules......Page 144 Molecular orbital theory applied to the polyatomic molecules BH3, NH3 and CH4......Page 149 Molecular orbital theory: bonding analyses soon become complicated......Page 154 Molecular orbital theory: learning to use the theory objectively......Page 156 Packing of spheres......Page 168 The packing-of-spheres model applied to the structures of elements......Page 171 Metallic radii......Page 173 Melting points and standard enthalpies of atomization of metals......Page 174 Alloys and intermetallic compounds......Page 176 Bonding in metals and semiconductors......Page 178 Semiconductors......Page 180 Sizes of ions......Page 181 Ionic lattices......Page 183 Lattice energy: estimates from an electrostatic model......Page 189 Lattice energy: the Born–Haber cycle......Page 192 Lattice energy: ‘calculated’ versus ‘experimental’ values......Page 193 Applications of lattice energies......Page 194 Defects in solid state lattices: an introduction......Page 195 Properties of water......Page 199 Definitions and units in aqueous solution......Page 202 Some Brønsted acids and bases......Page 203 The energetics of acid dissociation in aqueous solution......Page 206 Trends within a series of oxoacids EOn(OH)m......Page 207 Aquated cations: formation and acidic properties......Page 208 Amphoteric oxides and hydroxides......Page 210 Solubilities of ionic salts......Page 211 Coordination complexes: an introduction......Page 215 Stability constants of coordination complexes......Page 217 Factors affecting the stabilities of complexes containing only monodentate ligands......Page 223 Introduction......Page 229 Standard reduction potentials, Eo,and relationships between Eo,
Goand K......Page 230 The effect of complex formation or precipitation on Mzþ/M reduction potentials......Page 236 Potential diagrams......Page 240 Frost–Ebsworth diagrams......Page 242 The relationships between standard reduction potentials and some other quantities......Page 245 Applications of redox reactions to the extraction of elements from their ores......Page 247 Relative permittivity......Page 251 Energetics of ionic salt transfer from water to an organic solvent......Page 252 Acid–base behaviour in non-aqueous solvents......Page 253 Self-ionizing and non-ionizing non-aqueous solvents......Page 254 Liquid ammonia......Page 255 Liquid hydrogen fluoride......Page 258 Sulfuric acid......Page 259 Fluorosulfonic acid......Page 260 Bromine trifluoride......Page 261 Dinitrogen tetraoxide......Page 262 Ionic liquids......Page 264 Supercritical fluids......Page 267 The Hþ and H
ions......Page 273 Isotopes of hydrogen......Page 274 Dihydrogen......Page 275 Hydrogen bonding......Page 281 Binary hydrides: classification and general properties......Page 288 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 294 Physical properties......Page 296 The metals......Page 298 Halides......Page 300 Oxides and hydroxides......Page 301 Salts of oxoacids: carbonates and hydrogencarbonates......Page 302 Aqueous solution chemistry including macrocyclic complexes......Page 304 Non-aqueous coordination chemistry......Page 308 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 312 Physical properties......Page 315 The metals......Page 316 Halides......Page 317 Oxides and hydroxides......Page 320 Salts of oxoacids......Page 323 Complex ions in aqueous solution......Page 324 Diagonal relationships between Li and Mg, and between Be and Al......Page 325 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 330 Physical properties......Page 333 The elements......Page 336 Simple hydrides......Page 338 Halides and complex halides......Page 344 Oxides, oxoacids, oxoanions and hydroxides......Page 350 Compounds containing nitrogen......Page 354 Aluminium to thallium: salts of oxoacids, aqueous solution chemistry and complexes......Page 359 Metal borides......Page 361 Electron-deficient borane and carbaborane clusters: an introduction......Page 363 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 375 Physical properties......Page 379 Allotropes of carbon......Page 382 Structural and chemical properties of silicon, germanium, tin and lead......Page 390 Hydrides......Page 391 Carbides, silicides, germides, stannides and plumbides......Page 394 Halides and complex halides......Page 398 Oxides, oxoacids and hydroxides......Page 402 Silicones......Page 413 Sulfides......Page 414 Cyanogen, silicon nitride and tin nitride......Page 416 Aqueous solution chemistry and salts of oxoacids of germanium, tin and lead......Page 418 Introduction......Page 422 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 423 Physical properties......Page 426 The elements......Page 429 Hydrides......Page 431 Nitrides, phosphides, arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides......Page 438 Halides, oxohalides and complex halides......Page 440 Oxides of nitrogen......Page 449 Oxoacids of nitrogen......Page 452 Oxides of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth......Page 454 Oxoacids of phosphorus......Page 456 Oxoacids of arsenic, antimony and bismuth......Page 459 Phosphazenes......Page 461 Sulfides and selenides......Page 463 Aqueous solution chemistry......Page 465 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 469 Physical properties and bonding considerations......Page 471 The elements......Page 474 Hydrides......Page 479 Metal sulfides, polysulfides, polyselenides and polytellurides......Page 483 Halides, oxohalides and complex halides......Page 485 Oxides......Page 490 Oxoacids and their salts......Page 494 Compounds of sulfur and selenium with nitrogen......Page 499 Aqueous solution chemistry of sulfur, selenium and tellurium......Page 501 Introduction......Page 505 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 506 Physical properties and bonding considerations......Page 508 The elements......Page 511 Hydrogen halides......Page 514 Metal halides: structures and energetics......Page 515 Interhalogen compounds and polyhalogen ions......Page 516 Oxides and oxofluorides of chlorine, bromine and iodine......Page 520 Oxoacids and their salts......Page 522 Aqueous solution chemistry......Page 525 Introduction......Page 529 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 530 Physical properties......Page 531 Compounds of xenon......Page 533 Compounds of krypton and radon......Page 538 Introduction......Page 540 Group 1: alkali metal organometallics......Page 541 Group 2 organometallics......Page 544 Group 13......Page 548 Group 14......Page 555 Group 15......Page 564 Group 16......Page 567 Ground state electronic configurations......Page 572 Physical properties......Page 573 Characteristic properties: a general perspective......Page 575 Electroneutrality principle......Page 576 Coordination numbers......Page 578 Isomerism in d-block metal complexes......Page 584 Bonding in d-block metal complexes: valence bond theory......Page 592 Crystal field theory......Page 594 Molecular orbital theory: octahedral complexes......Page 601 Electronic spectra......Page 607 Evidence for metal–ligand covalent bonding......Page 615 Magnetic properties......Page 616 Thermodynamic aspects: ligand field stabilization energies (LFSE)......Page 622 Thermodynamic aspects: the Irving–Williams series......Page 624 Thermodynamic aspects: oxidation states in aqueous solution......Page 625 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 630 Group 3: scandium......Page 634 Group 4: titanium......Page 635 Group 5: vanadium......Page 639 Group 6: chromium......Page 643 Group 7: manganese......Page 648 Group 8: iron......Page 654 Group 9: cobalt......Page 661 Group 10: nickel......Page 667 Group 11: copper......Page 671 Group 12: zinc......Page 676 Occurrence, extraction and uses......Page 682 Physical properties......Page 686 Group 3: yttrium......Page 688 Group 4: zirconium and hafnium......Page 689 Group 5: niobium and tantalum......Page 691 Group 6: molybdenum and tungsten......Page 695 Group 7: technetium and rhenium......Page 703 Group 8: ruthenium and osmium......Page 708 Group 9: rhodium and iridium......Page 716 Group 10: palladium and platinum......Page 721 Group 11: silver and gold......Page 726 Group 12: cadmium and mercury......Page 731 Common types of ligand: bonding and spectroscopy......Page 737 The 18-electron rule......Page 744 Metal carbonyls: synthesis, physical properties and structure......Page 746 The isolobal principle and application of Wade’s rules......Page 751 Total valence electron counts in d-block organometallic clusters......Page 753 Types of organometallic reactions......Page 756 Metal carbonyls: selected reactions......Page 759 Metal carbonyl hydrides and halides......Page 760 Alkyl, aryl, alkene and alkyne complexes......Page 761 Allyl and buta-1,3-diene complexes......Page 764 Carbene and carbyne complexes......Page 766 Complexes containing cyclopentadienyl ligands......Page 767 Complexes containing and ligands......Page 771 Complexes containing the cyclobutadiene ligand......Page 774 Introduction......Page 778 f-Orbitals and oxidation states......Page 779 Atom and ion sizes......Page 780 Spectroscopic and magnetic properties......Page 781 Sources of the lanthanoids and actinoids......Page 784 Lanthanoid metals......Page 785 Inorganic compounds and coordination complexes of the lanthanoids......Page 786 Organometallic complexes of the lanthanoids......Page 788 The actinoid metals......Page 792 Inorganic compounds and coordination complexes of thorium, uranium and plutonium......Page 793 Organometallic complexes of thorium and uranium......Page 796 Ligand substitutions: some general points......Page 801 Substitution in square planar complexes......Page 803 Substitution and racemization in octahedral complexes......Page 806 Electron-transfer processes......Page 814 Catalysis: introductory concepts......Page 823 Homogeneous catalysis: alkene (olefin) metathesis......Page 826 Homogeneous catalysis: industrial applications......Page 828 Homogeneous catalyst development......Page 834 Heterogeneous catalysis: surfaces and interactions with adsorbates......Page 836 Heterogeneous catalysis: commercial applications......Page 839 Heterogeneous catalysis: organometallic cluster models......Page 844 Defects in solid state lattices......Page 850 Electrical conductivity in ionic solids......Page 852 Superconductivity......Page 854 Ceramic materials: colour pigments......Page 856 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD)......Page 857 Inorganic fibres......Page 863 Introduction......Page 867 Metal storage and transport: Fe, Cu, Zn and V......Page 869 Dealing with O2......Page 874 Biological redox processes......Page 880 The Zn2+ ion: Nature’s Lewis acid......Page 891 Appendices......Page 900 Greek letters with pronunciations......Page 901 Abbreviations and symbols for quantities and units......Page 902 Selected character tables......Page 906 The electromagnetic spectrum......Page 910 Naturally occurring isotopes and their abundances......Page 912 Van der Waals, metallic, covalent and ionic radii for the s-, p- and first row d-block elements......Page 914 Pauling electronegativity values (
P) for selected elements of the periodic table......Page 916 Ground state electronic configurations of the elements and ionization energies for the first five ionizations‡......Page 917 Electron affinities......Page 920 Standard enthalpies of atomization of the elements at 298 K......Page 921 Selected standard reduction potentials (298 K)......Page 922 Answers to non-descriptive problems......Page 925 Index......Page 942 This concise textbook meets several objectives. First, the topics included were selected in order to provide essential information in the major areas of inorganic chemistry (molecular structure, acid-base chemistry, coordination chemistry, ligand field theory, solid state chemistry, etc.). These topics form the basis for competency in inorganic chemistry at a level commensurate with the one semester course taught at most colleges and universities.

The second objective has been to stress fundamental principles in the discussion of several topics. For example, the hard-soft interaction principle is employed in discussion of acid-base chemistry, stability of complexes, solubility, and predicting reaction products.

Third, the presentation of topics is made with an effort to be clear and concise so that the book is portable and user friendly. This book presents in convenient form a readable account of the essentials of inorganic chemistry that can serve as both as a textbook for a one semester course upper level course and as a guide for self study.

Figures, tables, and end-of-chapter problems round out this pedagogically rich, thematically balanced text for advanced undergraduate and graduate level students.

• Concise coverage maximizes student understanding and minimizes the inclusion of details students are unlikely to use.
• Discussion of elements begins with survey chapters focused on the main groups, while later chapters cover the elements in greater detail.
• Each chapter opens with narrative introductions and includes figures, tables, and end-of-chapter problem sets. Inorganic Chemistry provides essential information in the major areas of inorganic chemistry. The author emphasizes fundamental principles—including molecular structure, acid-base chemistry, coordination chemistry, ligand field theory, and solid state chemistry — and presents topics in a clear, concise manner. Concise coverage maximizes student understanding and minimizes the inclusion of details students are unlikely to use. The discussion of elements begins with survey chapters focused on the main groups, while later chapters cover the elements in greater detail. Each chapter opens with narrative introductions and includes figures, tables, and end-of-chapter problem sets. This text is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate-level students enrolled in the inorganic chemistry course. The text may also be suitable for biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, and other professionals who wish to learn more about this subject are. Concise coverage maximizes student understanding and minimizes the inclusion of details students are unlikely to use. Discussion of elements begins with survey chapters focused on the main groups, while later chapters cover the elements in greater detail. Each chapter opens with narrative introductions and includes figures, tables, and end-of-chapter problem sets. "Inorganic chemistry is a broad, rapidly developing field that includes theoretical, physical, and synthetic topics. If organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives, then inorganic chemistry can be described as the chemistry of "everything else." This includes all of the remaining elements in the periodic table as well as carbon, which plays a major role in many inorganic compounds." "Written for the one-semester inorganic chemistry course, this textbook provides essential information for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students and for individuals pursuing self-study. The author presents the major areas of inorganic chemistry in a clear, concise manner and incorporates pedagogy that reflects his extensive experience teaching the course."--Jacket An inorganic chemistry textbook which gives a clear, well-balanced introduction to the key principles of the subject. Students are able to relate the chemistry they learn to everyday life through numerous applications and topic boxes