Innovations in Land, Water and Energy for Vietnam’s Sustainable Development (UNIPA Springer Series)

This book presents recent innovative trends in land, water and energy management in Vietnam. Presenting the main projects and outcomes of a close collaboration between Italian and Vietnamese researchers in the last three years, the book is divided into three main sections: environment, climate change and land management in Vietnam; energy for Vietnam; and cities and utilities in Vietnam. The first section focuses on water systems, including rivers and seacoasts, and on new growing methods for more sustainable agriculture. The second section addresses energy and wastewater. The country’s rapid growth is a major challenge in terms of reinforcing the electrical infrastructures, and as such this section offers an overview of the government’s planned measures and their impact on the Vietnamese power system. The third section highlights cities and utilities in the context of increasing urbanization, exploring the urban morphology of the Vietnamese metropolis, particularly Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Preface Contents Environment, Climate Change and Land Management in Vietnam A Hydrometeorological Flood Forecasting Chain for the Red and Ca rivers (China, Laos and Vietnam) Part I—Investigated Areas and Model Setup 1 Introduction 2 The Red and the Ca Rivers in Vietnam 2.1 The Red River Basin 2.2 The Ca River Basin 3 The Meteorological BOLAM—MOLOCH Model 3.1 The BOLAM Hydrostatic Mesoscale Meteorological Model 3.2 The MOLOCH Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Meteorological Model 4 The Hydrological DIMOSHONG Model 5 Conclusions References A Hydrometeorological Flood Forecasting Chain for the Red and Ca Rivers (China, Laos and Vietnam) Part II—Applications and Results 1 Introduction 2 Meteorological and Hydrological Forecasts in the Red River 2.1 Verification of Precipitation Forecasts 2.2 Runoff Observations and Forecasts with an Extended Kalman Filtering 3 Meteorological and Hydrological Forecasts in the Ca River 3.1 Verification of Precipitation Forecasts 3.2 Runoff Observations and Forecasts 4 Conclusions References Ha Long Bay (Viet Nam) Sediment and Microfaunal Background Assessment for Future Monitoring Actions 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Samples Collection 2.2 Laboratory Preparation 2.3 Results 3 Discussion and Conclusion References Marine Biodiversity in Ha Long Bay and Cat Ba Archipelago (VietNam) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Location 2.2 Collection and Analysis of Marine Organisms 3 Results 3.1 Species Diversity 3.2 The Rare and Precious Species Listed in Vietnam Red Book and in the Red List of IUCN 3.3 Environmental Factors of Marine Lakes 4 Conclusions and Discussion References The Ha Long Bay Marine Ecosystem. An Unprecedented Opportunity for Evolutionary Studies on Marine Taxa 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion References Pathobiome Studies as a Way to Identify Microbial Co-operators and/or Antagonists of the Incoming Plant Pathogen 1 Rationale and Project Description 2 Methodology 2.1 DNA Extraction, 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Library Preparation and Sequencing 2.2 Sequence analysis 2.3 Isolation of Culturable Bacteria from Rice Healthy Plants 2.4 Screening for Natural Biocontrol Agents Against Dickeya zeae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) 2.5 Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Selected Candidates 2.6 In Planta Test on the Selected Bacterial Isolates to Control the Two Bacterial Pathogens 3 Results References Sustainable Methods to Control Pyricularia oryzae, the Causal Agent of Rice Blast Disease 1 Introduction 2 Rice Blast Disease: Pathogen, Geographic Distribution and Economic Importance 3 Infection Cycle and Symptoms 4 Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Pyricularia oryzae 5 Disease Management Strategies 5.1 Disease Forecasting Models 5.2 Chemical Control 5.3 Cultural Control 5.4 Genetic Resistance 5.5 Biological Control 6 Novel Approaches for Blast Management References Collaborative RTD for Precise and Reliable GNSS Based Positioning for Land Management 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Real Time Kinematics 2.2 Precise Point Positioning 3 The NavisA Receiver 4 NaviNet: A Small CORS Network of NavisA Receivers 5 Experiments and Pilot Testing of NavisA Receiver 5.1 Experiment at the Hanoi University of Science and Technology 5.2 Surveying Angular and Distance Framework Measurement 5.3 Measurements of Earth Crust Movements 5.4 Topographical Survey for Construction Site 6 Conclusions References Energy for Vietnam Sustainable Energy Supply in Vietnam 1 Introduction 2 Description of 500 kV Vietnamese Power System 3 Simulation Model 4 Dynamic Analysis 5 Perspectives Appendix References Challenges and Opportunities for Renewable-Based Microgrids Integration in Vietnam 1 Introduction 2 The Potential of Renewable Energy in Vietnam 2.1 Solar Energy 2.2 Wind Energy 2.3 Hydroelectric 2.4 Biomass Energy 3 National Policy Framework 3.1 Policies for Remote Areas and Rural Electrification in Vietnam 3.2 Challenges 4 Prospects and Barriers for Microgrid Development in Vietnam 5 Regulating Voltage and Frequency for Minimum Power Losses in Microgrids 5.1 Problem Formulation 5.2 Case Study and Results 6 Conclusion References Study of Interconnections in Vietnam Power System with Asynchronous Back to Back HVDC Links 1 Introduction 2 Why to Replace the Existing AC Links by B2B HVDC Links? 3 B2B HVDC Solutions 3.1 VSC B2B Installation 3.2 LCC B2B Installation 4 Conclusions References The Bioenergy-Fertilizer Nexus: A Challenge Achievable from Municipal Wastewater 1 Introduction 2 Wastewater Treatment Process 2.1 Sewage Treatment in Europe and Vietnam 2.2 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 3 Sewage Sludge: The Main By-Product of WWTPs 3.1 Water Removal from the Sewage Sludge 3.2 Sewage Sludge Stabilisation 3.3 Fates of Sewage Sludge 3.4 Chemical Characterisation and Correlation with Agronomic Features 4 Soil Application of Sewage Sludge 4.1 Sewage Sludge as Fertilizer 4.2 The New Potential: Using Sewage Sludge for Soil Improvement 5 Soil Improvement for Sustainable Agriculture 5.1 Sustainable Agriculture Concepts 5.2 Sustainable Agriculture and Policies on the Use of Agriculture Waste in Vietnam 6 Next Steps for Advancing the Land Application of Sewage Sludge References Cities and Utilities in Vietnam The Last 150 Years of Urban Mutations in Hanoi: An Investigation About Form and Morphology of the Vietnam’s Capital City 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Colonial Wonderland 2.2 The Free Market and the Phenomenon of Informal Settlements 2.3 Paris of the Tonkino 2.4 Post-crisis 2.5 Tropical Leningrad 2.6 New Territories 3 Results and Conclusion References Water Resources Planning and Management in a Changing Climate and Society 1 Introduction 2 The Red River Basin 2.1 Model and Data 2.2 Operating Objectives and Policy Design 3 Future Scenario Generation 3.1 Climate Scenarios 3.2 Water Demand Scenarios 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Policy Performance Over History 4.2 Future Scenarios 4.3 Vulnerability Analysis 5 Conclusions References GNSS-Based Solutions for Road Applications in Vietnam 1 Introduction 2 Technological Solutions for Traffic Monitoring Developed at the Navis Centre in Vietnam 3 Detecting Interference for Robust GNSS-Based Solutions 3.1 Jamming 3.2 Development of a Low-Cost Portable Interference Detector 4 Conclusions References Blockchain for Smart Cities: Applications for IoT and Video Surveillance Systems 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Background 3.1 Internet of Things 3.2 Blockchain and Smart Contracts 3.3 DeCyMo Architecture for Blockchain and IoT 3.4 Video Surveillance in Smart Cities 3.5 BlockSee Architecture 3.6 BlockSee Actors 3.7 BlockSee Transactions and Validation 4 Experimental Results 4.1 DeCyMo Results for Blockchain and IoT 4.2 BlockSee Results for Video Surveillance and Blockchain 5 Conclusions References Innovative Antennas for Next Generation of Communication Systems in Vietnam 1 Introduction 2 Multi-beam Phased Arrays 2.1 Millimeter-Wave Beamforming 3 Multibeam Transmitarray 3.1 Transmitarray Unit-Cell 3.2 Transmitarray Feed Movement 3.3 Enhanced Techniques for the Design of a Multibeam TA References Optimization Strategies for Efficient Antenna Design 1 Introduction 2 Evolutionary Optimization-Based Design of a Beam-Scanning Antenna 2.1 SNO 2.2 MQC10-BBO 2.3 Application of SNO and MQC10-BBO to the Design of a Beam-Scanning Reflectarray 3 Optimization for MIMO Antenna 3.1 Maximization of SNR 3.2 Minimum Mean Squared Error 3.3 Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance 3.4 Robust Optimization by Min-max Criteria References