Innovations in GIS 5 : selected papers from the fifth National Conference on GIS Research UK (GISRUK)

This text reflects the interdisciplinary nature of GIS research and includes coverage of such themes as: virtual GIS; spatial analysis; artificial intelligence; spatial agents and fuzzy systems; and space-time GIS and GIS applications. Book Cover......Page 1 Half-Title......Page 2 Title......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 Foreword......Page 8 Preface......Page 11 Contributors......Page 13 GISRUK Committees......Page 17 Introduction......Page 18 PART ONE Spatial Analysis......Page 23 1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 24 1.2 WHY CONSIDER STOCHASTIC SIMULATION FOR INTERPOLATION IN GIS?......Page 26 1.3 APPROACH AND AIMS......Page 27 (c) Sample distribution......Page 28 1.4.2 Measures of spatial variability and variogram modelling......Page 29 1.4.4 Creating stochastic simulations......Page 30 1.4.5 Measuring interpolation accuracy......Page 31 The kriging variance......Page 32 Modelling estimation uncertainty using stochastic simulations......Page 33 1.5.2 The relative accuracy of stochastic simulation, ordinary kriging and Thiessen polygons for different sample sizes and distributions of geographical data......Page 34 1.5.3 The accuracy of the interpolation techniques for attributes of different geographical nature......Page 35 1.5.4 The ability of interpolation methods to reflect estimation uncertainty......Page 38 1.6 DISCUSSION......Page 40 1.7 CONCLUSION......Page 41 References......Page 43 2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 45 2.2.2 Representation of spatial information......Page 46 2.2.3 Spatial evolutionary operators......Page 47 2.3 SPATIAL EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM—IMPLEMENTATION......Page 48 2.4 SEA PERFORMANCE......Page 49 2.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 51 References......Page 53 3.2.1 Visualizing interactions: flow mapping......Page 55 3.2.3 New approaches to analysis and visualization using non-Euclidean spaces......Page 56 3.3.2 The data......Page 58 3.4.1 From flows to proximities......Page 59 3.4.3 Finite topologies......Page 60 3.4.4 Visualization of finite topologies......Page 62 References......Page 64 4.2 EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS......Page 65 4.2.1 Interactive choropleth maps......Page 67 4.2.2 Weighted histograms......Page 68 4.2.3 Local statistics......Page 69 Data......Page 73 References......Page 74 PART TWO Virtual GIS......Page 75 5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 76 5.2 DO GEOLIBRARIES EXIST?......Page 77 5.4 OTHER PROJECTS......Page 78 5.6.1 The browser......Page 79 5.6.4 Local collections......Page 80 5.6.8 Search across geolibraries......Page 81 5.6.10 Objects and wrappers......Page 82 5.8 CONCLUSION......Page 83 References......Page 84 6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 85 6.3 PROBLEM ANALYSIS—IDENTIFYING THE REQUIREMENTS OF USERS......Page 86 6.4.1 Integrated search engines......Page 88 6.4.2 Intermediary systems......Page 89 6.5.3 Results......Page 90 6.5.4 Discussion......Page 91 Acknowledgements......Page 92 References......Page 93 7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 94 7.3 MODELLING THE LANDSCAPE......Page 95 7.5 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MODELLING......Page 96 7.6 SINGLE IMAGE MODELLING......Page 97 7.7 FUTURE WORK......Page 99 7.8 CONCLUSION......Page 100 References......Page 101 PART THREE Artificial Intelligence, spatial agents and fuzzy systems......Page 103 8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 104 8.2 THE SYSTEMIC APPROACH......Page 105 8.3.1 Methodological needs......Page 108 8.4 EXPERIMENTATION......Page 109 References......Page 112 9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 113 9.2 FUZZY LOGIC MODELLING......Page 114 9.3.2 Fuzzy model formulation......Page 115 9.3.3 Model goodness of fit......Page 116 9.4.1 Fuzzy model formulation......Page 117 9.4.2 Model goodness of fit......Page 118 9.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 120 References......Page 122 10.2 AGENTS......Page 123 10.3.2 Spatial decision-making......Page 124 10.4 SPATIAL AGENTS FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM......Page 125 Conceptual definition......Page 126 Initial implementation......Page 127 Agent architecture......Page 128 System development......Page 129 Decision-making in MA–MEGAOOT......Page 130 Potential improvements in decision-making......Page 131 References......Page 132 11.2 FUZZY GEODEMOGRAPHICS......Page 134 11.3 FUZZY CLUSTERING......Page 135 11.5 FKM RESULTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS......Page 137 11.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 140 References......Page 141 12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 143 12.3 TOPOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SPACE......Page 144 12.4 BASIC PROPERTIES OF TIME......Page 145 12.5 FROM CHRONOLOGY TO HISTORY......Page 146 12.6 SPACE AND TIME PROPERTIES......Page 148 12.7 LINEAR EVOLUTION OF AN INDEPENDENT SPATIAL ENTITY......Page 149 12.8 MULTILINEAR EVOLUTION OF RELATED SPATIAL ENTITIES......Page 151 12.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 152 References......Page 153 PART FOUR Space-time GIS......Page 158 13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 159 13.2 FUZZY SETS IN GIS......Page 160 13.3 FUZZY NUMBERS......Page 161 13.4 FUZZY COORDINATES: POINTS, LINES AND POLYGONS......Page 162 13.5 DATA STRUCTURES FOR HANDLING FUZZY COORDINATES......Page 165 References......Page 167 14.2 AN ILLUSTRATIVE SCENARIO......Page 169 14.3.1 Rationale for the system......Page 171 14.3.2 The analytical abstraction layer (AAL)......Page 172 Multiple granularity......Page 173 Multiple abstraction......Page 175 14.4 RELATED ISSUES......Page 177 References......Page 178 15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 180 15.2 THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM......Page 181 15.3 APPROACH TO MAP–DRIVEN CHANGE DETECTION......Page 182 15.5 THE EXTRACTION OF EDGE INFORMATION FROM IMAGERY......Page 184 15.6 INTEGRATION OF EDGES WITH GIS VECTORS......Page 186 15.7 THE INTRODUCTION OF CONTEXT AND A CONTROL STRATEGY......Page 187 15.8 DISCUSSION......Page 188 References......Page 190 PART FIVE Applications......Page 193 16.2 LANDSCAPE QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND GIS......Page 194 16.4 MYSTERY AND QUESTIONNAIRE STRUCTURE......Page 195 16.5.1 The horizons......Page 196 16.5.3 The viewshape......Page 197 16.6 IDENTIFICATION OF THE VIEWSHAPE......Page 199 References......Page 201 17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 202 17.2.2 Study area and distribution of the species......Page 203 17.3.1 Construction of the digital database......Page 204 17.3.2 Analytical design......Page 205 17.4.2 Wolf habitat suitability model......Page 206 17.4.3 Selection of areas for conservation or reintroduction......Page 209 Notes......Page 210 References......Page 211 18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 213 18.3 GIS FOR COLLECTION GEOGRAPHY DESIGN......Page 214 18.4 GIS FOR OUTPUT GEOGRAPHY DESIGN......Page 215 18.4.1 Building blocks......Page 216 18.4.2 Output areas......Page 220 Acknowledgement......Page 222 References......Page 223 19.2 WHY BUILD A HISTORICAL GIS?......Page 224 19.2.3 A powerful analytical tool......Page 225 19.2.4 New media for visualizing evolving geographies......Page 226 19.3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND AND WALES......Page 227 19.4.1 The Mark I GIS......Page 229 19.4.2 The Mark II GIS......Page 230 19.4.3 The Mark III GIS......Page 231 19.5 LINKING ATTRIBUTE DATA......Page 232 Acknowledgements......Page 233 References......Page 234 20.2 CONVERSION......Page 235 20.3.1 Measurement (gross vs net density)......Page 239 20.3.2 Profiles (goodness-of-fit)......Page 240 20.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 244 References......Page 245 21.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 247 21.2.1 The ITE datasets......Page 248 21.3.2 Cell-based analysis......Page 249 21.3.3 Patch-based analysis......Page 251 21.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 254 References......Page 255 Index......Page 257 As we move towards the new millennium and the GIS bandwagon trundles along at ever increasing speed and momentum, the annual GISRUK conference gives those of us with GIS research interests at heart a short breathing space in which to pause, listen, observe, discuss and otherwise reflect on where the subject is heading.