Innovation, Quality and Sustainability for a Resilient Circular Economy: The Role of Commodity Science, Volume 1 (Circular Economy and Sustainability)

This book is a selection of the best papers presented at the XXX National Conference of Commodity Science held in Bari, Italy on 27 to 28th October, 2022. It is designed to help advance the knowledge and application of Commodity Science in innovation, quality, and sustainability principles and goals. Furthermore, it provides support in confronting the current environmental and socioeconomic challenges and contributes to addressing and solving those concerns in a circular economy context. Under this perspective, the book highlights the central role that Commodity Science can play, also considering the multiple possibilities of interacting with other relevant research sectors, like food production and packaging, engineering, environmental science, organisation, management, decision science, and social science, so enabling valorisation and rmaximisation. These interactions will appeal to academics, producers, decision- and policymakers, and other stakeholders. Thus, this book has a multidisciplinary holistically integrated approach to Commodity Science that contributes to enhancing the current literature and knowledge. Foreword Preface Conference Scientific Committee Conference Organization Committee Convenor Acknowledgements Contents Part I: Agriculture, Biomass, Foods and Beverages: Innovation Chapter 1: Key Factors of Digital Agriculture in Competitiveness, Sustainability, and Safety Areas 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Results and Discussion 1.3.1 Competitiveness Area 1.3.2 Sustainability Area 1.3.3 Safety Area 1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 2: Precision Agriculture Technologies in the Italian Agricultural Context: A Study on the Rate of Knowledge and Diffusion Among Italian Farmers 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Precision Agriculture Diffusion 2.3 Objective and Method 2.4 Data Collection 2.5 Results and Discussion 2.5.1 Regression Analysis on Knowledge of PA 2.5.2 Regression Analysis on Adoption of PA 2.6 Conclusions References Chapter 3: The Role of Technological Innovation in Agri-food Resilience: A Systematic Literature Review 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material and Methods 3.2.1 Step 1. Planning the Review 3.2.2 Step 2. Conducting the Review 3.2.3 Step 3. Reporting and Dissemination: Preliminary Evidence 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Descriptive Analysis 3.3.2 Conceptual Analysis 3.4 Conclusions References Chapter 4: The Agri-food Product’s Life Cycle: The Technological Dimension Role from an Open Innovation Perspective 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.3 Literature Review 4.4 Results and Discussions 4.5 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Innovation in the Food Sector: Development Prospects for Synthetic Meat Production 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.3 Current Techniques for Producing Synthetic Meat 5.4 Advantages and Challenges 5.5 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Valorization Strategies of Technological and Therapeutic Properties of Orange Byproducts 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Antioxidant Compounds 6.3 Dietary Fibre 6.4 Essential Oils 6.5 Biofuels 6.6 Livestock Feed 6.7 Pectin 6.8 Food Packaging 6.9 Sustainable Fabrics 6.10 Conclusions References Part II: Agriculture, Biomass, Foods and Beverages: Circular Economy and Sustainability Chapter 7: Circular Economy in the Agri-food Industry. How Social Media Can Create Engagement? 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Review 7.3 Methodology 7.4 Results and Discussion 7.5 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Circular Urban Food Policies: The “Food in the Circular City” Model Promoted by the City of Prato 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Material and Methods 8.3 Results and Discussions 8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 9: S-LCA Applied in a Research Project and Social Conditionality of the New Common Agriculture Policy 2023–2027 9.1 Introduction 9.2 New CAP and Social Conditionality 9.3 Material and Methods 9.4 Results and Discussions 9.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives Appendices Appendix A Appendix B References Chapter 10: The S-LCA Applied in a Research Project: “Smallholders Including Farmers” Impact Subcategory 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Review of the Literature 10.3 Material and Methods 10.4 Results and Discussions 10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 11: The Potential of Soil Carbon Sequestration: International and National Soil Carbon Projects 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methods 11.3 Results 11.3.1 International Carbon Soil Sequestration Projects 11.3.2 The Barilla S.p.A. Case Study: Soil Health as a New Business Model 11.3.2.1 The DIVERFARMING Project 11.3.2.2 The ICAFRUD Project 11.4 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Eco-innovation and Digitalization of Agri-food Companies Towards the Circular Economy: A Pilot Project for the Evaluation of the Impacts and Circularity Indicators for the Agri-food Chain 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Material and Methods 12.3 Results and Discussions 12.4 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Application of the DNSH Principle to the Restoration and Enhancement of a Historical Garden: The Project “Well-Being and Spirituality: Orto-giardino Laudato Sì” 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Materials and Methods 13.3 Results and Discussions 13.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 14: The Adoption of Information Systems for the Analysis of the Life Cycle of Hazelnuts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Review of the Existing Scientific Literature 14.3 Material and Methods 14.4 Results and Discussions 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 15: Sweet Chestnut Fractions from a Sustainable Circular Process for the Control of Phytopathogenic Oomycetes 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials and Methods 15.2.1 Chemicals 15.2.2 Extract 15.2.3 HPLC-DAD-MS Analysis 15.2.4 In Vitro Test 15.3 Results and Discussion 15.3.1 Chemical Characterization of Tannin Content 15.3.2 In Vitro Test 15.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 16: A Circular Bioeconomy Chain: Indicators Applied to the Sustainable Production of Microalgae for Industrial Purposes 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Case Study 16.3 Materials and Methods 16.4 Results and Discussions 16.5 Conclusions References Chapter 17: The ILCIDAF Project for the Development of an Italian Database of Life Cycle Inventory of Agri-food Products: The Wheat Milling Phase 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Literature Review 17.3 Materials and Methods 17.3.1 Grain Milling Yield 17.4 Results and Discussions 17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 18: Life Cycle Inventory Data for the Italian Olive Oil Supply Chain: How to Ensure Representativeness 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Materials and Methods 18.2.1 First Approach: Primary Data for LCI 18.2.2 Second Approach: Statistical and Secondary Data for LCI 18.2.3 Emission Calculations for LCI 18.3 Results and Discussion 18.4 Conclusions References Chapter 19: Carbon Footprint of Seasonal Meals: The Case of School Canteens 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Material and Methods 19.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 19.2.2 Inventory Analysis 19.2.3 Impact Assessment 19.3 Results and Discussions 19.4 Conclusions References Chapter 20: Water Footprint of Agri-food Products from MENA Countries vs. EU Countries 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Materials and Methods 20.3 Results and Discussions 20.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 21: The Air Indicator of VIVA Certification for the Sustainability of Italian Wine: Analysis and Perspectives 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Materials and Methods 21.3 Results and Discussions 21.4 Conclusions References Chapter 22: Environmental Accounting for the Circularization of the Packaged Water Sector in Italy 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Materials and Methods 22.3 Results and Discussions 22.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Part III: Agriculture, Biomass, Foods and Beverages: Quality Chapter 23: Recent Evolutions in Food Consumption Patterns During the COVID-19 Emergency. The Emerging Market of Food Delivery and Its Implications on Food Quality 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The Market for Food Delivery 23.3 Materials and Methods 23.4 Results and Discussion 23.4.1 Growth Rate Average Consumer Prices Connected with Food Delivery 23.4.2 Nutritional Quality of Meals Consumed with Food Delivery 23.5 Conclusions References Chapter 24: Foods Supplements: Quality Assessment of Formulations by an Expert Panel 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Methodology 24.3 Results and Discussions 24.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 25: Wine Quality Improvement Based on the Perception of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI): Evidence from Bulgaria 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Review of Literature 25.3 Data and Methodology 25.4 Results and Discussions 25.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 26: Multi-element Characterization and Multivariate Analysis of Venetian Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Wines 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Materials and Methods 26.2.1 Instrumentation 26.2.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis 26.2.3 Analytical Validation 26.2.4 Statistical Analysis 26.3 Results and Discussion 26.3.1 Multi-element Characterization 26.3.2 Chemometric Assessment 26.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 27: Study of the Volatile Component and the Flavonoid Content of Edible Flowers 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Materials and Methods 27.3 Results and Discussions 27.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 28: The Cultivation of Iris pallida as an Opportunity for the Enhancement of Tuscan Agro-Biodiversity and a Resource for the Local Economy 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Material and Methods 28.2.1 Analysis of Volatile Compounds 28.2.1.1 SPME Conditions 28.2.1.2 GC-MS Analysis 28.2.1.3 GCxGC-TOF Analysis 28.2.1.4 GC-VUV Analysis 28.2.2 HPLC-DAD-MS Analysis 28.3 Results and Discussions 28.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 29: Honey Production in Italy: Quality, Sustainability, and Innovation Strategies of Companies in the Abruzzo Region 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Material and Methods 29.3 Results and Discussion 29.3.1 Companies’ Profiles 29.3.2 Economic-Strategic Analysis 29.3.3 Socioenvironmental Analysis 29.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 30: Determination of Bioactive Compounds in Italian Honeydew Honeys 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Material and Methods 30.2.1 Samples 30.2.2 Chemicals and Materials 30.2.3 Physicochemical Parameters 30.2.4 Determination of Antioxidant Capacity, Total Phenolic Content, and Individual Polyphenols 30.3 Results and Discussion 30.4 Conclusions References Chapter 31: Comparison of the Carotenoid Content in Durum Wheat Pasta and Whole Wheat Pasta by Multivariate Analysis 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Analytical Procedure and Statistical Analysis 31.3 Results and Discussions 31.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 32: The Likely Effect of the Rise in Global Temperature on Cheese Safety 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Review of the Literature 32.3 Materials and Methods 32.3.1 Sampling 32.3.2 Analyses of the Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines 32.3.3 Statistical Analysis 32.4 Results and Discussion 32.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 33: Tomato Supply Chain and Production Quality Control for International Markets 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Material and Methods 33.3 Results and Discussions 33.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 34: Sustainability of Rural Supply Chains in Nepal: Selection, Characterization, and Labelling of Spices for the Local Market 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Materials and Methods 34.3 Results and Discussions 34.4 Conclusions References Chapter 35: Carob Leaf Extracts as New Ingredients in the Food Field: Extraction, Characterization, and Antioxidant Features 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Material and Methods 35.2.1 Chemicals and Reagents 35.2.2 Carob Leaf Extraction 35.2.3 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Performances of the Extracts 35.2.3.1 Characterization of the Extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) 35.2.3.2 Polyphenol Total Content and Antioxidant Performance 35.3 Results and Discussion 35.3.1 Extraction Techniques and Parameters 35.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 36: Carob Pods as a Source of Bioactive Molecules in the Preparation of Functional Jelly 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Materials and Methods 36.2.1 Carob Pod Extraction 36.2.2 Characterization of the Extracts by HPLC-DAD 36.2.3 Polyphenol Total Content 36.2.4 Antioxidant Performances 36.2.5 Synthesis of the Conjugate 36.2.6 Characterization of Gelatine-Based Polymers 36.3 Results and Discussion 36.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 37: Crocus sativus L. Flower’s Valorization as Sources of Bioactive Compounds 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Material and Methods 37.2.1 Phytochemical Analysis 37.2.1.1 HPLC/DAD/MS Analysis 37.2.2 Pharmacological Studies 37.2.2.1 Cell Culture 37.2.2.2 MTT Viability Assay 37.3 Results and Discussion 37.3.1 Saffron Byproduct Characterization 37.3.2 Effect of Crocus Sativus Flower Extract on Bladder Cancer Cell Viability 37.4 Conclusions References Part IV: Consumers’ Awareness and Behaviours: Circular Economy and Sustainability Chapter 38: An Empirical Study to Understand Whether Sustainable Consumers Have Sustainable Behaviours 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Review of the Literature 38.3 Material and Methods 38.3.1 Questionnaire and Data Collection 38.3.2 Factor Analysis 38.3.3 Cluster Analysis 38.4 Discussions 38.5 Conclusions References Chapter 39: Greenwashing and Consumer Awareness of Environmental Issues: A Pilot Analysis 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Green Marketing and Greenwashing 39.3 Material and Methods 39.4 Results 39.4.1 Interviews 39.4.2 Survey 39.5 Discussions 39.6 Conclusions References Chapter 40: What Factors Influence Post-COVID-19 Consumer Purchase Habits? An Empirical Survey in the Italian Agri-food Sector 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Theoretical Background 40.3 Methodological Approach 40.4 Results and Discussions 40.5 Conclusions References Chapter 41: Towards a Sustainable Diet: The Profile of Vegan and Vegetarian Italian Consumers 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Materials and Methods 41.3 Results 41.4 Conclusions References Chapter 42: Not in My Backyard or Please in My Backyard? A PRISMA-Based Literature Review 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Material and Methods 42.3 Results and Discussion 42.4 Conclusions References Part V: Consumers’ Awareness and Behaviors: Quality Chapter 43: From Knowledge to Consumption: How Consumers Perceive Food Quality 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Material and Methods 43.2.1 The Survey 43.2.2 Statistical Analysis 43.3 Results and Discussions 43.3.1 Demographic Analysis of the Respondents 43.3.2 Knowledge of European Quality Certifications 43.3.3 Perception, Attitudes Towards Quality Food Products, and Purchasing Habits 43.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 44: Exploring Consumer and Business Perceptions of the Use of Digital Technologies for Traceability 44.1 Introduction 44.2 Review of the Literature 44.3 Material and Methods 44.3.1 Data Set Analysis 44.3.2 Questionnaire 44.4 Results 44.4.1 Companies 44.5 Discussions 44.6 Conclusions References Chapter 45: Functional Properties and Preferences of Consumption of Honeys from Different Origins 45.1 Introduction 45.2 Review of the Literature on the Subject 45.3 Material and Methods 45.3.1 Questionnaire and Consumer Preferences 45.3.2 Samples 45.3.2.1 Extraction of Honey Samples Antiradical Capacity Evaluated by the DPPH Test 45.4 Results and Discussion 45.4.1 Survey Results 45.4.2 Antioxidant Activity 45.5 Conclusions References Chapter 46: Food Safety and Insect Food: A Preliminary Consumers’ Indication 46.1 Introduction 46.2 Review of the Literature 46.3 Materials and Methods 46.3.1 Sample and Questionnaire Definition 46.3.2 Findings 46.4 Conclusions References Part VI: Digitalization: Innovation Chapter 47: Digital Innovation Ecosystems: A Systematic Literature Review and a New Definition 47.1 Introduction 47.2 Methodology 47.3 Results and Discussions 47.3.1 Characteristics of the Studied Literature 47.3.2 Definitions of the DIEs 47.4 Conclusions References Chapter 48: Smart City and Internet of Things 48.1 Introduction 48.2 SC: Definition and Classification 48.3 Reference Regulatory Context 48.3.1 European Programs 48.3.2 Italian Programs 48.4 Smartness Measurement 48.5 Conclusions References Chapter 49: Digital Transformation in Companies and Human Resources Management 49.1 Introduction 49.2 Digital Transformation 49.3 Business Model Innovation: The Strategic Factor of ICT 49.4 The Impact of Digital Transformation on the HR Function 49.5 Conclusions References Chapter 50: “Everything-as-a-Service”: The Evolution of the Private Market for Goods into a Public Service Platform 50.1 Introduction 50.2 The Choice Between “Purchase” and “Use”: The Role of Digitalization 50.3 Servitization: A Possible Model for Consumer Staples? 50.4 Conclusions References Chapter 51: Supply Chain 4.0: Lean Six Sigma, Industry 4.0 Technologies and Circular Supply Chain Applied to an Italian Hospital Case Study 51.1 Introduction 51.2 Literature Background: Lean Six Sigma, Industry 4.0, and Circular Supply Chain 51.2.1 Lean Six Sigma and Circular Supply Chain in the Healthcare Sector 51.3 Materials and Methods 51.4 Case Study 51.4.1 Problem Statement 51.4.2 Methodology Steps 51.5 Results and Discussion 51.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 52: Digital Innovation in the Healthcare System: Integration Between Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Materials and Methods 52.3 Results and Discussion 52.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 53: Bibliometric Analysis and Topic Modeling of the Literature on Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare 53.1 Introduction 53.1.1 Why Another Bibliometric Review on AI and Healthcare Life? 53.2 Materials and Methods 53.2.1 Methods 53.2.2 Tools 53.2.3 Data 53.3 Results and Discussion 53.4 Conclusions References Part VII: Digitalization: Circular Economy and Sustainability Chapter 54: The Role of Multistakeholder Platforms in the Path Toward Circular Economy (CE) Transition in Europe 54.1 Introduction 54.2 Review of the Specialized Literature 54.3 Materials and Methods 54.3.1 ECESP DB 54.3.2 Selection of the Case Studies 54.3.3 Additional DB 54.3.4 Case Study Analysis 54.4 Results and Discussions 54.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives Annex Section Annex I: ECESP Dataset Analysis Platform Type Country Language of Original Content Key Area Sector Scope Annex II: Case Study Analysis ICESP (Italian Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform) Goals Stakeholders Governance Activities Results Polish Circular Hot Spot Goals Stakeholders Governance Activities Results ROCESP (Romanian Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform) Goals Stakeholders Governance Activities Results State of Green Goal Stakeholders Governance Activities Results SRIP: Circular Economy Goals Stakeholders Governance Activities Results Circular Economy Portugal Goals Stakeholders Governance Activities Results References Chapter 55: Green Smart Manufacturing: Potentials and Limits Toward Industry 5.0 55.1 Introduction 55.2 Theoretical Background 55.3 Methods 55.4 Results 55.4.1 Diffusion/Application of Smart Technologies 55.4.2 Smart Technologies and Sustainability 55.5 Discussion and Conclusions: Toward Industry 5.0 References Chapter 56: The Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Environmental Monitoring 56.1 Introduction 56.2 Materials and Methods 56.3 Results 56.3.1 Optical Monitoring for the Spatial Analysis of Landfill Sites 56.3.2 Monitoring of a Riverbed by Scanning with a LIDAR System and Reconstruction of a Three-Dimensional Model 56.3.3 Monitoring Aimed at Detecting Fugitive Emissions of Methane from Landfills 56.4 Conclusions References Part VIII: Tourism: Innovation Chapter 57: Eco-Innovation in Tourism: An Overview of a Promising Field of Research 57.1 Introduction 57.2 Methodology 57.3 Results and Discussions 57.4 Discussions and Conclusions References Chapter 58: Innovative Approaches for the Digitalization of Tourism Businesses 58.1 Introduction 58.2 Synthetic Review of the Literature on the Subject 58.3 Materials and Methods 58.4 Results and Discussions 58.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Part IX: Tourism: Circular Economy and Sustainability Chapter 59: A Framework for Carbon Footprint Assessment in the Tourism Sector 59.1 Introduction 59.2 Methodology 59.2.1 Framework Implementation in Apulian Micro Destination 59.3 Results and Discussions 59.4 Conclusions References Chapter 60: Life Cycle Assessment of a Spanish Pilgrimage Route: A New Style of Tourism for Promoting Sustainable Tourism and Curbing Climate Change 60.1 Introduction 60.2 Materials and Methods 60.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 60.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory 60.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 60.3 Results and Discussions 60.3.1 Environmental Impacts of the Camino Lebaniego 60.3.2 Environmental Impact Analysis by Stage 60.3.3 Analysis of the Transport Subsector in Camino Lebaniego 60.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 61: Circular Economy Perspectives in the Italian Hotel Industry 61.1 Introduction 61.2 Methodology 61.3 Results and Discussion 61.4 Conclusions References Chapter 62: Mountain Tourism: Environmental Management for Fostering Tourism Destinations: From Context Analysis to Tourism Products 62.1 Introduction 62.2 Literature Review 62.2.1 Tourism Destination and Tourism Product 62.2.2 Environmental Management for Territorial Development 62.3 Materials and Methods 62.3.1 Area of Investigation 62.3.2 Methodology 62.4 Results and Discussion 62.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Part X: Tourism: Quality Chapter 63: Tourism Participative Management in Protected Areas: Case Study in the Protected Area of Parco Naturale Regionale Sirente Velino 63.1 Introduction 63.2 Materials and Methods 63.3 Results and Discussions 63.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 64: “Alagna Walser Green Paradise” Research: Quality of Life as a Topic to Enhance a Mountain Tourist Destination 64.1 Introduction 64.2 Methodology 64.3 Results and Discussions 64.4 Conclusion, Limits, and Outlooks References Chapter 65: The Alagna Walser Green Paradise Project as a Tool for Enhancing the Cultural Heritage and Creativity Pillar 65.1 Introduction 65.2 Review of the Literature 65.2.1 Authenticity 65.2.2 Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) 65.3 Materials and Methods 65.4 Results and Conclusions References Appendix