Innovation for Environmentally-friendly Food Production and Food Safety in China (Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa)

The edited volume focuses on modern agro-technologies for achieving climate smart agriculture in China and meeting the UN sustainable development goals (especially SDGs 2, 13, and 15). It describes the technologies being adopted in China for meeting food security challenges, with the main focus being on soils. China is a large and diverse country, and what happens there has a global impact. In the past decades, China has achieved remarkable increases in food production, feeding nearly 20% of the world population with less than 10% of the arable land. This great achievement was mainly based on the intensive use of chemical inputs like fertilizers and pesticides, which in turn caused environmental pollution and food safety issues. China has fully realized this important issue and has adopted a “Zero Growth” policy to restrict the further increase in chemical fertilizers after 2020. Chinese scientists have developed regional optimum crop management practices and guidelines to increase crop yield and nutrient use efficiencies compared with current farming practices. Chinese agricultural soil is also currently in critical condition with severe environmental pollution. These agricultural practices need improvement to maintain sustainable food production with minimum environmental footprint. At present, the traditional mode of agricultural production in China is difficult to sustain. This book offers case studies and sustainable solutions for transforming agricultural sciences in China. The book is a useful reading material for stakeholders such as governments, policymakers, research institutions, and farmers. Foreword Editorial Contents Editors and Contributors Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Developing Precision Nitrogen Management Strategies for Different Crops and Scales of Farming Systems in North China 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Various N Management Strategies in Different Scales of Farming Systems 2.2.1 N Management in Large-Scale Rice-Growing System of Heilongjiang Province 2.2.2 N Management in Mid-scale Maize Growing System of Jilin Province 2.2.3 N Management in Small-Scale Wheat Growing System of North China Plain 2.3 Overview of Precision N Management Strategies Developed in the Sinograin II Project 2.3.1 Precision N Management in Large-Scale Rice Farming System of Heilongjiang Province 2.3.2 Precision N Management in Mid-Scale Maize Farming System of Jilin Province 2.3.3 Precision N Management in Small-Scale Wheat Farming System of North China Plain 2.4 Designing the Service Providing System 2.5 On-Farm Demonstration Trials in Jilin Province 2.6 Discussion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 3: Food Safety and the Importance of Comprehensive Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Other Contaminants 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pesticide Use and Environmental Challenges 3.2.1 Agricultural Use of Pesticides 3.2.2 Development of Pesticide Resistance 3.2.3 Persistence and Transport of Pesticides in the Environment 3.2.4 Impacts of Climate and Climate Change 3.3 Meeting the Challenges of Detecting Pesticides and their Degradation Products in Food and the Environment 3.3.1 Application of Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LRMS) in Pesticide Residue Detection 3.3.2 Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) in Pesticide Screening 3.4 Food Safety Monitoring 3.4.1 Chemical Food Safety and Pesticide Residue Monitoring in the EU and Norway 3.4.2 Routine Monitoring Programmes of Agro-Product Quality and Safety in China 3.4.2.1 Development Process 3.4.2.2 Status 3.5 Food Safety Challenges from Natural Toxins 3.5.1 Mycotoxins 3.5.2 Plant Toxins 3.5.3 Analytical Methods for Food Safety Analysis and Monitoring of Natural Toxins 3.6 Future Perspectives for Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring 3.6.1 Improved Food Safety Monitoring in China 3.6.2 Emerging Contaminants and Combined Effects: The Necessity of HRMS Screening Tools 3.6.3 Biopesticides and Low-Risk Pesticides: Need for Regulatory Efforts and Further Analytical Developments 3.6.4 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Exploring the Connections with Pesticide Residues Using High-Throughput Screening Tools 3.6.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence and Hyperspectral Modeling for Soil Management 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Soil Properties 4.2.1 Soil Physical Properties 4.2.2 Soil Chemical Properties 4.2.3 Soil Biological Properties 4.3 Machine-Learning Algorithms 4.3.1 Supervised Machine Learning 4.3.2 Unsupervised Machine Learning 4.3.3 Feature Selection in Machine Learning 4.3.4 Deep Learning 4.4 Machine Learning in Soil Management 4.4.1 The Combination of Spectroscopy and Machine Learning in Soil Properties Measurements 4.4.2 Soil Physical Properties Estimation 4.4.3 Soil Chemical Properties Estimation 4.4.3.1 Linear SML 4.4.3.2 Non-linear SML 4.4.3.3 Data Preprocessing and Data Fusion Improve ML Models ́ Prediction Performances 4.4.4 Soil Biological Properties Estimation 4.4.5 Soil Property Estimation Based on Known Properties 4.4.6 Improved Soil Quality Through Different Soil Management Practices 4.5 Hyperspectral Modeling and Prediction of Soil Properties 4.5.1 Spectroscopic Modeling 4.5.2 Prediction of Soil Moisture Content 4.5.3 Prediction of Soil Organic Matter 4.5.4 Prediction of Soil Nitrogen 4.5.5 Prediction of Soil Phosphorous 4.5.6 Prediction of Soil Potassium 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Biochar-Based Technology in Food Production, Climate Change Mitigation, and Sustainable Agricultural Soil Managemen... 5.1 Copying Terra Preta to the World 5.2 Biochar Effect in Agriculture 5.2.1 Crop Yield Increase 5.2.2 Plant Disease Suppression 5.2.3 Soil Fertility Improvement 5.2.4 Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation 5.2.5 Heavy Metal Contamination Control 5.3 Limitations for Large-Scale Pure Biochar Implementation 5.4 Biochar-Based Fertilizers 5.5 Model for Large-Scale Biochar Implementation References Chapter 6: Diversity and Ecological Functions of Soil Microbial Community in Black Soil in Northeast China 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Effects of Fertilization on Composition and Ecological Function of Arable Soil Microbial Community in Black Soil 6.2.1 Soil Microbial Community 6.2.2 Soil Microbial Function 6.3 Effects of Cropping Systems on Soil Microbial Community Composition and Ecological Function in Black Soil of Arable Land 6.3.1 Soil Microbial Community 6.3.2 Soil Microbial Community Functions 6.4 Impact of Reclamation on Black Soil Microbial Community Composition and Functions 6.5 Effects of Tillage Measures on Soil Microbial Community Composition and Functions in Black Soil 6.5.1 Effect of Subsoiling on Soil Microbial Community Structure and Function in Black Soil 6.5.2 Impact of Conservation Tillage on Soil Microbial Community Composition and Functions in Black Soil 6.6 Discussion and Conclusions References Chapter 7: Lignosulphonates as Soil Amendments in Agriculture 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Application of Lignosulphonates in Agriculture 7.3 Effects of Lignosulphonates on Soil Chemistry and Biology 7.4 Effect of Lignosulphonate on Tree-Associated Fungi 7.5 Lignosulphonate, Plant Growth, and Crop Yield 7.6 Effect of Lignosulphonate on Plant Diseases 7.7 Discussion References Chapter 8: Ecological Functions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Agriculture 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Diversity of AM Fungi 8.3 Facilitation of Crop Nutrient Uptake 8.3.1 Facilitation of P Uptake 8.3.2 Facilitation of N Uptake 8.3.3 N Concentration and Uptake 8.3.4 N Transfer in Soybean/Maize Intercropping Systems 8.4 Response of AM Fungal Diversity to N Fertilizer and Cropping Systems 8.4.1 Experimental Design 8.4.2 AM Fungal Diversity in Rhizosphere Soil and Roots 8.4.3 AM Fungal Community Structures and Abundance in Rhizosphere Soil and Roots 8.4.4 AM Fungal Colonization of Roots 8.4.5 RDA Analysis Between Soil Physicochemical Characteristics and the AM Fungal Community 8.5 Contribution to Soil Fertility 8.5.1 Changes in the AM Fungal Diversity of Different Soil Profiles 8.5.2 Distribution of AM Fungal Composition Across the Soil Profiles 8.5.3 Soil Aggregates Affected by AM Fungi and Soil Nutrients 8.6 Carbon Sink Function 8.7 Application of AM Fungi in Agriculture 8.7.1 High-Quality AM Fungal Inoculants 8.7.2 Inoculation Methods for AM Fungi Inoculants 8.7.3 Supporting Farming Systems References Chapter 9: The Agro-Extension Service Evolution in China and Norway: Different Pathways to Tackle Evolving Challenges 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Characteristics of Agro-Technical Extension in China 9.2.1 The Development Stages of Agro-Technical Extension in China 9.2.1.1 The Infancy Stage (1950-1977) 9.2.1.2 The Agricultural Production Restoration Stage (1978-1992) 9.2.1.3 The Reforming Stage (1993-2001) 9.2.1.4 The Enhancing Stage (since 2002) 9.2.2 The Current Status of the Agro-Technical Extension System in China 9.2.2.1 Main Features of the Agro-Technical Extension System in China Organizational Structure of Government ́s Agro-Technical Extension System Professional and Educational Level of Agricultural Technicians Governance and Evaluation of Agricultural Technicians Services and Support Provided by Agro-Technical Extension 9.2.2.2 Main Categories of the Agro-Technical Extension System in China Agro-Technical Extension System with the Government as the Lead Agro-Technical Extension System Driven by Government Technological Projects Agro-Technical Extension System Led by the Market Agro-Technical Extension System Led by a Third Party 9.2.3 A Case Study of Agro-Technical Extension in Heilongjiang Province 9.2.3.1 Basic Situation of Heilongjiang Province and Jiansanjiang Authority 9.3 The Characteristics of Agro-Technical Extension in Norway 9.3.1 The Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System in Norway 9.3.2 The Role of the Norwegian Agriculture Agency, County Governor, and Municipalities in Agricultural Extension 9.3.3 The Agricultural Extension Service in Norway 9.3.3.1 Main Providers of Advisory Services in Norway 9.3.3.2 Norwegian Agricultural Extension Service Organization and Services Provided 9.3.3.3 Funding 9.3.3.4 TINE Organization and Services Provided Relevant Thematic Areas Business and Management Consultancy Economy Feeding Health Breeding Building Planning Funding 9.3.3.5 Other Advisory Sources Felleskjøpet Nortura 9.4 Comparison of Agro-Technical Extension Systems in China and Norway 9.4.1 Differences Between Agro-Technical Extension Systems in China and Norway 9.4.1.1 Structure 9.4.1.2 Funding Sources 9.4.1.3 Major Participants and their Responsibilities 9.4.2 Examples for China from the Norwegian Agricultural Extension System 9.4.2.1 ``Commercialized and government-funded ́ ́ Operating Model 9.4.2.2 Digital Extension Tools 9.4.2.3 Environmentally Friendly Extension Content 9.5 Discussion and Conclusions References Chapter 10: Climate-Smart Agriculture in China: Current Status and Future Perspectives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Research on Climate-Smart Agriculture in China 10.3 Climate-Smart Agricultural Technology 10.3.1 Climate Change Mitigation 10.3.1.1 Technologies for Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Carbon Sequestration 10.3.2 Case Study: Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Carbon Sequestration Technology of Biochar Application 10.3.2.1 Introduction Technical Flow Chart Technical System and Supporting Measures Core Technical Points Supporting Technology Policies and Measures Promotion of Technical Demonstration Technical Assessment and Evaluation Areas Suitable for Promotion 10.3.3 Climate Change Adaptation 10.3.3.1 List of Technologies for Use Toward Climate Resilience Farmland Basic Construction (Water Conservation, Infrastructure, Etc.) Technology Breeding Technology for Crop Resistance (Drought Resistance, Waterlogging Resistance, High Temperature Resistance, Disease and... Crop Strain Tillage Cultivation Techniques Agricultural Planting Structure Adjustment Technology Crop Pest Control Technology Agricultural Climate Change Adaptation Insurance 10.3.3.2 Case Studies Comprehensive Development Project of Liugou Village, Hanzhong County, Shanxi Climate Risks Adaptable Goal Adaptation Countermeasures Disaster Prevention, Mitigation, and Construction of a Resilient Community Post-disaster Livelihood Restoration and Ecological Agriculture Development Eco-Homeland and ``Low-Carbon Community ́ ́ Construction Capacity Elevation and Organization Building Adaptable Benefit Life Security Livelihood Stability Environmental Livability Social Funding Funding Information Actions for Communities in the Pearl River Delta to Address Climate Change: The Case of Shiban Community in Foshan, Guangdong Climate Risk Adaptation Goal Adaptation Countermeasures Adaptation Benefits Economic Benefits Ecological Benefits Social Benefits Funding Information 10.4 Demonstration of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices 10.4.1 Plant Industry 10.4.2 Animal Husbandry 10.5 Challenges and Problems in the Practice of Climate-Smart Agriculture in China 10.5.1 Traditional Farming Methods Are Not Conducive to the Promotion of Climate-Smart Agricultural Projects 10.5.2 Lagging Agricultural Infrastructure Hinders the Development of Climate-Smart Agriculture 10.5.3 The Slow Progress of Agricultural Technology Delays the Transformation of Climate-Smart Agriculture 10.6 Future Perspectives 10.6.1 Improve Farming Practices to Adapt to the Impacts of Climate Change 10.6.2 Improve the Adaptability of the Breeding Industry to Climate Change 10.6.3 Further Establish and Improve the Early Warning and Prevention Mechanism for Agricultural Disasters References Chapter 11: China-Africa Joint Force on Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPM) for Food Security: Fall Armyworm as a Sho... 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Migration Routes and Dispersal of FAW 11.2.1 Migration Routes in China 11.2.2 Migration Routes and Dispersal in Africa 11.2.3 Spread and Distribution in China 11.2.4 Spread and Distribution in Africa 11.3 Invasion Biology of FAW 11.3.1 High Level of Polyphagy and Host Preference 11.3.2 Lack of Diapause and Strong Cold Hardiness 11.3.3 Strong Migratory Ability 11.4 Prevention and Control in China and Africa 11.4.1 Monitoring and Identification 11.4.2 Emergency Use of Chemical Pesticides 11.4.3 Biopesticides 11.4.4 Natural Enemies 11.5 China ́s Special Control Strategy Against FAW 11.5.1 ``Two-step ́ ́ Strategy 11.5.2 Large-Scale and Regional Control Strategy 11.6 Conclusions and Outlook References