نوآوری و اختلال در لبهٔ شبکه: چگونه منابع انرژی توزیع‌شده مدل کسب‌وکار خدمات عمومی را مختل می‌کنند

Innovation and Disruption at the Grid’s Edge examines the viable developments in peer-to-peer transactions enabled by open platforms on the grid’s edge. With consumers and prosumers using more electronic platforms to trade surplus electricity from rooftop solar panels, share a storage battery, or use smart gadgets that manage load and self-generation, the grid's edge is becoming crowded. The book examines the growing number of consumers engaging in self-generation and storage, and analyzes the underlying causes and drivers of change, as well as the implications of how the utility sector—particularly the distribution network—should/could be regulated. The book also explores how tariffs are set and revenues are collected to cover both fixed and variable costs in a sustainable way. This reference is useful for anyone interested in the areas of energy generation and regulation, especially stakeholders engaged in the generation, transmission, and distribution of power. Examines the new players that will disrupt the energy grid markets Offers unique coverage of an emerging and unpublished topic Helps the reader understand up-to-date energy regulations and pricing innovations Front-matter_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-the-Grid-s-Edge Copyright_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-the-Grid-s-Edge Author-Biographies_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-the-Grid-s-Edge Foreword_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-the-Grid-s-Edge Preface_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-the-Grid-s-Edge Introduction11---The-author-wrote-the-introduction-while_2017_Innovation-and Chapter-1---Innovation-and-Disruption-at_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-t Chapter 1 - Innovation and Disruption at the Grid’s Edge 1 - Introduction 2 - Economics of DERs versuS traditional bundled service at regulated tariffs 3 - Bifurcation of customers 4 - Aggregators, integrators, and intermediaries 5 - Evolving the role of regulators 6 - Organization of the book Chapter-2---Innovation--Disruption--and-the_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-a Chapter 2 - Innovation, Disruption, and the Survival of the Fittest 1 - Introduction 2 - Is delivering this transformation really that much of an issue? 3 - The five key characteristics of a future energy company 3.1 - Characteristic 1: Access to a Portfolio of Generation, Storage, and Flexible Demand Will Remain Important in the Future 3.2 - Characteristic 2: Risk Management, Optimization, and Trading are Essential Parts in the Operation of a Utility 3.3 - Characteristic 3: Control of “Big Data” Will Give Leverage for Competitive Advantage 3.4 - Characteristic 4: User-Friendly Applications and Automation Tools Will Enhance Customer Propositions and Unlock Deman... 3.5 - Characteristic 5: Being Close to the Customers as Their Demands Change 4 - The new energy company 5 - Conclusions Chapter-3---The-Great-Rebalancing--Rattling-the-_2017_Innovation-and-Disrupt Chapter 3 - The Great Rebalancing: Rattling the Electricity Value Chain from Behind the Meter 1 - Introduction 2 - Greater comfort and convenience 3 - New visions of the value chain: rhetoric, reality, regulation, and the REV 3.1 - Complicated or Complex? 4 - The tariff cost stack, the mystery beyond the meter and the full electricity value chain 4.1 - Customer Assets Beyond the Meter 5 - The DER dilemma for the true electricity value chain 6 - Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter-4---Beyond-Community-Solar--Aggregating-Lo_2017_Innovation-and-Disru Chapter 4 - Beyond Community Solar: Aggregating Local Distributed Resources for Resilience and Sustainability 1 - Introduction 2 - The growth of community solar 3 - Community solar challenges 4 - Community choice aggregation: taking steps beyond community solar 5 - Case study: Marin Clean Energy 5.1 Governance and Structure 5.2 The Formation of MCE 5.3 Energy Services 5.4 Grid Resilience and Storage 6 - Case study: Lowell, Massachusetts community choice power plan 6.1 Governance and Structure 6.2 Goals 6.3 Energy Procurement 7 - Case study: Westchester, New York 7.1 Governance and Structure 7.2 Structure of the Program 7.3 Energy Procurement 7.4 Services Beyond Energy Procurement: Community Solar, Demand Response, and Microgrids 8 - Comparison of community choice aggregation cases 9 - Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter-5---Grid-Versus-Distributed-Solar--What-Does-_2017_Innovation-and-Di Chapter 5 - Grid Versus Distributed Solar: What Does Australia’s Experience Say About the Competitiveness of Distributed En... 1 - Introduction 2 - Victoria’s electricity market 3 - Analytical methodology 3.1 - Sensitivity One: Increase Feed-In Tariff by 5 Cents Per kWh 3.2 - Sensitivity Two: Convert Fixed Charges Into Variable Charges and Increase Feed-In Tariffs by 5 Cents Per kWh 4 - Results 5 - Is rooftop PV a good investment in Victoria? 6 - Conclusions References Chapter-6---Powering-the-Driverless-Elect_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at- Chapter 6 - Powering the Driverless Electric Car of the Future 1 - Introduction 2 - Peak car and EVs 3 - EV cost advantages 4 - EV fueling infrastructure 5 - Commercial drivers of EV uptake 6 - Developments in automotive battery technology 7 - EV refueling infrastructure: interface with the grid 8 - The future of EV battery technology 9 - Government and regulatory drives of EV uptake 10 - Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter-7---Regulations--Barriers--and-Opportunit_2017_Innovation-and-Disrup Chapter 7 - Regulations, Barriers, and Opportunities to the Growth of DERs in the Spanish Power Sector 1 - Introduction 2 - Regulation/legislation on renewables in Spain 3 - Spanish renewable energy plans 4 - Development of renewables and costs 5 - DER: household prosumers and PV utility scale 5.1 - Economic Assessment of a Domestic PV Installation 5.2 - Utility-Scale PVs 6 - Electric Vehicles 7 - Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter-8---Quintessential-Innovation-for-Tra_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption Chapter 8 - Quintessential Innovation for Transformation of the Power Sector 1 - Introduction 2 - Twin challenges: nonstop, ever faster change 3 - Managing the new reality of dynamic change 4 - Quintessential innovation (Q2i) 4.1 - Data Analytics and Disruption 4.2 - The Iterative Data Innovation Cycle 4.3 - The Iterative Business Transformation Cycle 4.4 - Quintessential Innovation for Electric Utilities: The Q2i Platform and Innovation Apps 5 - The energy innovation market 5.1 - Rising Prosumers 5.2 - Marketing Data: The Missing Link 6 - Conclusions Chapter-9---Bringing-DER-Into-the-Mainstream--Regu_2017_Innovation-and-Disru Chapter 9 - Bringing DER Into the Mainstream: Regulations, Innovation, and Disruption on the Grid’s Edge 1 - Introduction 2 - Challenges and opportunities of high levels of DER 2.1 - Public Policy Drivers 2.2 - Utility/Grid Needs Drivers 2.3 - Market Drivers 3 - California and New York—a tale of two regulatory approaches 4 - Getting the most out of DER 4.1 - Need for Granular Geographical and Temporal Data 4.2 - Customer Load and Demographic Data 4.3 - Hosting Capacity Analysis 4.4 - Locational Net Benefits Analysis 4.5 - DER Sourcing 5 - Aligning utility financial motives with DER policy goals 6 - Conclusions Reference Further Reading Chapter-10---Public-Policy-Issues-Associated-With-_2017_Innovation-and-Disru Chapter 10 - Public Policy Issues Associated With Feed-In Tariffs and Net Metering: An Australian Perspective 1 - Introduction 2 - Efficient tariffs for generation and load in theory 3 - Retail tariffs for generation and load in practice, and their implications 3.1 - Existing Retail Tariffs for Loads 3.2 Implications of Differences in the Tariff for Generation and the Tariff for Load 4 - Current problems and possible future directions 4.1 - The Status Quo and its Problems 4.2 - Gross Metering, if it Were Feasible, Could Partially Solve These Problems 4.3 - Extended Forms of Net Metering Could Also Partially Solve These Problems, but Each has Problems of its Own 5 - Conclusions Acknowledgments References Further Reading Chapter-11---We-Don-t-Need-a-New-Business-Model_2017_Innovation-and-Disrupti Chapter 11 - We Don’t Need a New Business Model: “It Ain’t Broke and It Don’t Need Fixin” 1 - Introduction 2 - A reprise: what has prompted the discussions about new business models? 3 - Will there be more changes? 4 - What should the new regulatory focus be? 5 - Rate of return regulation 6 - Why we do not need to reinvent the wheel? 7 - How can we move forward? 8 - Is transactive energy the new model? 9 - Conclusions References Chapter-12---Toward-Dynamic-Network-Tariff_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at Chapter 12 - Toward Dynamic Network Tariffs: A Proposal for Spain 1 - Introduction 2 - How much and what for residential consumers pay? 3 - Hourly payments: the fall-back tariff (PVPC) 4 - Toward an efficient access tariff 5 - A Spanish case study 6 - Is it worth? Network tariffs and decarbonization 7 - Conclusions References Chapter-13---Internet-of-Things-and-the-Ec_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at Chapter 13 - Internet of Things and the Economics of Microgrids 1 - Introduction 2 - ICT innovations and standards as drivers for microgrids 2.1 - Characterization of Microgrids 2.2 - Microgrids and Virtual Networks 2.3 - Internet Protocol–Based Virtual Microgrids 2.4 - The Evolution of IP-Based Standards for Virtual Microgrids 2.4.1 - IP-Based Sensor Networks: ZigBee IP 2.4.2 - IP-Based Wired Home Networks: Evolution of G.hn 2.5 - Data Protection and Cybersecurity 3 - Microgrids and their relation to Next Generation Networks 3.1 - Outside Communications of Microgrids 3.2 - Virtual Microgrids and Next Generation Networks 3.3 - Incentive-Compatible QoS Differentiation Within NGNs 4 - Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-14---Access-Rights-and-Consumer-Protec_2017_Innovation-and-Disruptio Chapter 14 - Access Rights and Consumer Protections in a Distributed Energy System 1 - Introduction 2 - Consumer market developments in the NEM 3 - Outlook for distributed technologies in the NEM 3.1 - Solar PV 3.2 - Energy Storage 3.3 - Electric Vehicles 3.4 - Virtual Power Plants 4 - Growing customer heterogeneity: impacts of technology adoption on household demand 4.1 - Typical Demand Days 4.2 - Peak Demand Days 4.3 - Divergent Customer Requirements 5 - Evolution of consumer rights and protections 5.1 - Consumer Protections in a Distributed Energy Marketplace 5.2 - Technology Connections and Access Rights 6 - Conclusions References Chapter-15---The-Transformation-of-the-German-Electri_2017_Innovation-and-Di Chapter 15 - The Transformation of the German Electricity Sector and the Emergence of New Business Models in Distributed En... 1 - Introduction 2 - The German energy market in transition 2.1 - Market Structure 2.2 - Support Schemes for Renewable Energy 2.3 - Smart Metering 3 - The B2C market: potentials and major game changers 3.1 - Target Groups and Customer Benefit 3.2 - Market Potential 3.3 - Competition 3.4 - Game Changer: Energy Communities 3.4.1 - Limitations of Communities in the Energy Sector 3.4.2 - Lessons Learnt From Established Peer-to-Peer Business 4 - Emerging business models for distributed energy systems 4.1 - Overview 4.2 - Peer-to-Peer Energy Delivery 4.2.1 - National Peer-to-Peer Energy Delivery 4.2.2 - Regional Peer-to-Peer Energy Delivery 4.3 - Innovative Contracting 4.3.1 - Storage Cloud 4.3.2 - PV Leasing and Contracting 4.3.3 - Flat Rates 4.3.4 - Local Green Energy for Tenants 4.4 - Outlook: Business Models Based on Blockchain Technology 5 - The transformation process 5.1 - Success Factors 5.1.1 - Marketing 5.1.2 - Digitalization, Customization, and Size 5.1.3 - Entrepreneurship 5.1.4 - Realization and Adaptation 5.2 - Future Market Structure for Distributed Energy Systems 6 - Conclusions References Chapter-16---Peer-to-Peer-Energy-Matching--Trans_2017_Innovation-and-Disrupt Chapter 16 - Peer-to-Peer Energy Matching: Transparency, Choice, and Locational Grid Pricing 1 - Introduction 2 - Transparency and choice 3 - Locational grid pricing 4 - Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-17---Virtual-Power-Plants--Bringing-the-Fle_2017_Innovation-and-Disr Chapter 17 - Virtual Power Plants: Bringing the Flexibility of Decentralized Loads and Generation to Power Markets 1 - Introduction 2 - Flexibility in the context of variable renewable generation 3 - VPPs and the role of aggregators 4 - What future for variable demand? 5 - Conclusions Acknowledgment Further Reading Chapter-18---Integrated-Community-Based-Energy-Sys_2017_Innovation-and-Disru Chapter 18 - Integrated Community-Based Energy Systems: Aligning Technology, Incentives, and Regulations 1 - Introduction 2 - Rethinking local energy systems 2.1 - Integrated Community Energy Systems Concept and Definition 2.2 - ICESs as Sociotechnical System 2.2.1 - Actors 2.2.2 - Technologies 2.3 - Added Value of Integrated Approach 2.4 - Benefits and Challenges of ICESs 2.4.1 - Benefits of ICESs 2.4.2 - Challenges of ICESs 3 - Institutional precursors for ICESs 3.1 - Regulation 3.2 - Support Incentives 3.2.1 - Postcode Regulation in The Netherlands 3.2.2 - Community Net Metering in New York 3.3 - Grid Access and Local Balancing 3.4 - Aligning Institutions and Technology 4 - Institutional design of ICES through technoeconomic perspective 4.1 - Technical Perspective 4.1.1 - Flexibility 4.1.2 - Storage 4.1.3 - Energy Services 4.1.4 - Autarkic Design 4.2 - Economic Perspective 4.2.1 - Collective Financing 4.2.2 - Mismatch Between Wholesale and Retail Price 4.2.3 - Business Case for ICESs 4.3 - Institutional Design of ICESs 4.3.1 - Roles and Responsibilities 4.3.2 - Design and Coordination of Local Exchange 4.3.3 - Ownership and (Self-) Governance 4.3.4 - Costs and Benefit Allocation 4.4 - Future-Proof Institutional Design 5 - Conclusions References Chapter-19---Solar-Grid-Parity-and-its-I_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-t Chapter 19 - Solar Grid Parity and its Impact on the Grid 1 - Introduction 2 - The solar energy cost watershed 2.1 - Solar Energy Grid Parity 2.2 - Drivers of Solar Power Uptake: USA and Australia 3 - The rise of distributed commercial/solar 4 - The shaping of PPAs by PV uptake 5 - Commercial solar uptake: Australia 6 - Commercial PV uptake: California 7 - Financing and management of large-scale corporate uptake of PV solar 8 - The future of a PV/wind-dominated power supply 9 - Community-based microgrids 10 - Conclusions References Further Reading Epilogue_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-the-Grid-s-Edge Index_2017_Innovation-and-Disruption-at-the-Grid-s-Edge 2.4 - The Evolution of IP-Based Standards for Virtual Microgrids -- 2.4.1 - IP-Based Sensor Networks: ZigBee IP -- 2.4.2 - IP-Based Wired Home Networks: Evolution of G.hn -- 2.5 - Data Protection and Cybersecurity -- 3 - Microgrids and their relation to Next Generation Networks -- 3.1 - Outside Communications of Microgrids -- 3.2 - Virtual Microgrids and Next Generation Networks -- 3.3 - Incentive-Compatible QoS Differentiation Within NGNs -- 4 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III - Alternative Business Models -- Chapter 14 - Access Rights and Consumer Protections in a Distributed Energy System -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Consumer market developments in the NEM -- 3 - Outlook for distributed technologies in the NEM -- 3.1 - Solar PV -- 3.2 - Energy Storage -- 3.3 - Electric Vehicles -- 3.4 - Virtual Power Plants -- 4 - Growing customer heterogeneity: impacts of technology adoption on household demand -- 4.1 - Typical Demand Days -- 4.2 - Peak Demand Days -- 4.3 - Divergent Customer Requirements -- 5 - Evolution of consumer rights and protections -- 5.1 - Consumer Protections in a Distributed Energy Marketplace -- 5.2 - Technology Connections and Access Rights -- 6 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15 - The Transformation of the German Electricity Sector and the Emergence of New Business Models in Distributed En ... -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - The German energy market in transition -- 2.1 - Market Structure -- 2.2 - Support Schemes for Renewable Energy -- 2.3 - Smart Metering -- 3 - The B2C market: potentials and major game changers -- 3.1 - Target Groups and Customer Benefit -- 3.2 - Market Potential -- 3.3 - Competition -- 3.4 - Game Changer: Energy Communities -- 3.4.1 - Limitations of Communities in the Energy Sector -- 3.4.2 - Lessons Learnt From Established Peer-to-Peer Business Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Author Biographies -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I - Envisioning Alternative Futures -- Chapter 1 - Innovation and Disruption at the Grid's Edge -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Economics of DERs versus traditional bundled service at regulated tariffs -- 3 - Bifurcation of customers -- 4 - Aggregators, integrators, and intermediaries -- 5 - Evolving the role of regulators -- 6 - Organization of the book -- Chapter 2 - Innovation, Disruption, and the Survival of the Fittest -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Is delivering this transformation really that much of an issue? -- 3 - The five key characteristics of a future energy company -- 3.1 - Characteristic 1: Access to a Portfolio of Generation, Storage, and Flexible Demand Will Remain Important in the Future -- 3.2 - Characteristic 2: Risk Management, Optimization, and Trading are Essential Parts in the Operation of a Utility -- 3.3 - Characteristic 3: Control of "Big Data" Will Give Leverage for Competitive Advantage -- 3.4 - Characteristic 4: User-Friendly Applications and Automation Tools Will Enhance Customer Propositions and Unlock Deman ... -- 3.5 - Characteristic 5: Being Close to the Customers as Their Demands Change -- 4 - The new energy company -- 5 - Conclusions -- Chapter 3 - The Great Rebalancing: Rattling the Electricity Value Chain from Behind the Meter -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Greater comfort and convenience -- 3 - New visions of the value chain: rhetoric, reality, regulation, and the REV -- 3.1 - Complicated or Complex? -- 4 - The tariff cost stack, the mystery beyond the meter and the full electricity value chain -- 4.1 - Customer Assets Beyond the Meter -- 5 - The DER dilemma for the true electricity value chain -- 6 - Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading Chapter 7 - Regulations, Barriers, and Opportunities to the Growth of DERs in the Spanish Power Sector -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Regulation/legislation on renewables in Spain -- 3 - Spanish renewable energy plans -- 4 - Development of renewables and costs -- 5 - DER: household prosumers and PV utility scale -- 5.1 - Economic Assessment of a Domestic PV Installation -- 5.2 - Utility-Scale PVs -- 6 - Electric Vehicles -- 7 - Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8 - Quintessential Innovation for Transformation of the Power Sector -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Twin challenges: nonstop, ever faster change -- 3 - Managing the new reality of dynamic change -- 4 - Quintessential innovation (Q2i) -- 4.1 - Data Analytics and Disruption -- 4.2 - The Iterative Data Innovation Cycle -- 4.3 - The Iterative Business Transformation Cycle -- 4.4 - Quintessential Innovation for Electric Utilities: The Q2i Platform and Innovation Apps -- 5 - The energy innovation market -- 5.1 - Rising Prosumers -- 5.2 - Marketing Data: The Missing Link -- 6 - Conclusions -- Part II - Enabling Future Innovations -- Chapter 9 - Bringing DER Into the Mainstream: Regulations, Innovation, and Disruption on the Grid's Edge -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Challenges and opportunities of high levels of DER -- 2.1 - Public Policy Drivers -- 2.2 - Utility/Grid Needs Drivers -- 2.3 - Market Drivers -- 3 - California and New York-a tale of two regulatory approaches -- 4 - Getting the most out of DER -- 4.1 - Need for Granular Geographical and Temporal Data -- 4.2 - Customer Load and Demographic Data -- 4.3 - Hosting Capacity Analysis -- 4.4 - Locational Net Benefits Analysis -- 4.5 - DER Sourcing -- 5 - Aligning utility financial motives with DER policy goals -- 6 - Conclusions -- Reference -- Further Reading