Inhalation Toxicology: The Design and Interpretation of Inhalation Studies and Their Use in Risk Assessment (ILSI Monographs)

The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), a nonprofit, public foundation, was established in 1978 to advance the sciences of nutrition, toxicology, and food safety. ILSI promotes the resolution of health and safety issues in these areas by sponsoring research, conferences, publications, and educational programs. Through ILSI's programs, scientists from government, academia, and industry unite their efforts to resolve issues of critical importance to the public. As part of its commitment to understanding and resolving health and safety issues, ILSI is pleased to sponsor this series of monographs that consolidates new scientific knowledge, defines research needs, and provides a background for the effective application of scientific advances in toxicology and food safety. Alex Malaspina President International Life Sciences Institute Contents Series Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Part I. Approaches to Assessing the Toxicity of Airborne Toxicants Chapter 1. Standard-Setting as an Integrative Exercise: Alchemy, Juggling, or Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 D. v. Bates Chapter 2. Species Differences in Inhalation Toxicology: Variations in Exposure-Dose Relationships and Macrophage Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 J. D. Brain Chapter 3. Cell Populations of the Respiratory System: Interspecies Diversity in Composition, Distribution, and Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 e. G. Plopper, A. Mir, J. St. George, N. Tyler, A. Mariassy, D. Wilson, S. Nishio, D. Cranz, J. Heidsiek, and D. Hyde Chapter 4. Comparative Metabolic Basis for the Disposition and Toxic Effects of Inhaled Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A. R. Dahl Part II. Methodological Issues in Designing and Conducting Studies with Laboratory Animals Chapter 5. Exposure Facilities and Aerosol Generation and Characterization for Inhalation Experiments. . . . . . . . . . Front Matter....Pages i-xii Front Matter....Pages xiii-xiii Standard-Setting as an Integrative Exercise: Alchemy, Juggling, or Science?....Pages 1-9 Species Differences in Inhalation Toxicology: Variations in Exposure-Dose Relationships and Macrophage Function....Pages 11-23 Cell Populations of the Respiratory System: Interspecies Diversity in Composition, Distribution, and Morphology....Pages 25-40 Comparative Metabolic Basis for the Disposition and Toxic Effects of Inhaled Materials....Pages 41-65 Front Matter....Pages 66-66 Exposure Facilities and Aerosol Generation and Characterization for Inhalation Experiments....Pages 67-85 Different Methods Used in Acute and Subchronic Inhalation Studies of Potential Lung Irritants, with Particular Attention to Lung Function Measurements....Pages 87-101 Chronic Inhalation Toxicity Studies: Protocols and Pitfalls....Pages 103-117 Carcinogenicity Protocols....Pages 119-137 Front Matter....Pages 138-138 Interspecies Dosimetry of Reactive Gases....Pages 139-155 Behavior of Inspired Aerosol Boli in Humans....Pages 157-167 Respiratory Tract Clearance of Particles and Substances Dissociated from Particles....Pages 169-193 Front Matter....Pages 194-194 Interpretation of Early Lesions in the Mouse Lung: Fibrogenesis and Tumorigenesis....Pages 195-208 Relevance to Humans of Experimentally Induced Pulmonary Tumors in Rats and Hamsters....Pages 209-232 Experimentally Induced Emphysema and Long-Term Nitrogen Dioxide Inhalation....Pages 233-242 Comparisons of Respiratory Function Responses of Laboratory Animals and Humans....Pages 243-261 Front Matter....Pages 262-262 Population Studies in Risk Assessment: Strengths and Weaknesses....Pages 263-272 Human Clinical Exposure Studies: Body Box or Pandora’s Box?....Pages 273-286 Occupational Exposure Standards in Europe: History, Present Status, and Future Trends....Pages 287-295 Current Approaches for Determining Workplace Exposure Limits in the USA....Pages 297-307 Back Matter....Pages 309-317