Infrared Solar Physics: Proceedings of the 154th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Held in Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A., March 2–6, 1992 (International Astronomical Union Symposia, 154)

__Infrared Solar Physics__ contains the proceedings of the 154th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Tucson, Arizona, March 2--5, 1992. Aimed at active workers and graduate students in solar physics, this volume provides the first comprehensive view of a rapidly expanding discipline that gives us a new perspective on the sun. Measurements across the wide infrared spectral range -- here, from 1 mum to 1 mm -- can probe the solar atmosphere from below the visible surface through the outer reaches of the corona. Taking full advantage of revolutionary advances in detector technology, infrared observations from the ground, aircraft and space have led to a better understanding of solar magnetic fields, atmospheric structure and activity, and elemental abundances. The infrared has also provided new interpretive challenges, such as the appearance of the 12-mum emission lines of magnesium. These and other developments are discussed here by the leading contributors to the field, who also give their perspectives on the future of this rich field of study. Front Matter....Pages i-xix Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Overview of Infrared Solar Physics....Pages 1-8 Front Matter....Pages 9-9 The Cold Heart of the Solar Chromosphere....Pages 11-21 Properties of Faculae from Observations Near the Opacity Minimum....Pages 23-27 A Solar Plage Model....Pages 29-33 Formation of the Solar 10830 Å Line....Pages 35-47 Interpreting Recent Observations of He I 10830 Å....Pages 49-58 Variability of the Solar He I 10830 Å Triplet....Pages 59-64 Observations of Solar Oscillations in He I 10830 Å....Pages 65-70 Observations of Dynamic Events in He I λ10830....Pages 71-76 An Investigation of IR Triplet He I 10830 Å Profiles in Active Regions and the Quiet Chromosphere....Pages 77-80 Potential IR Observations of the Solar Corona....Pages 81-84 The Sun in Submillimeter Radiation....Pages 85-92 Far Infrared and Submillimeter Continuum Observations of Solar Flares: Justifications and Prospects for Ground-Based Experiments....Pages 93-101 Submillimeter and Far Infrared Emission from Solar Flares....Pages 103-112 Infrared and Submillimeter Diagnostics of Activity and Flares....Pages 113-123 The Observed Spectrum of Solar Burst Continuum Emission in the Submillimeter Spectral Range....Pages 125-129 Interferometry of Solar Flares at 3-mm Wavelength....Pages 131-135 Front Matter....Pages 137-137 Eclipse Observations of the Extreme Solar Limb at Submillimeter Wavelengths....Pages 139-150 12- μ m Observations at the 1991 Eclipse....Pages 151-160 850 μ m Observations of the 11 July 1991 Total Solar Eclipse....Pages 161-166 Front Matter....Pages 137-137 Observations of the 1991 Eclipse at 3.5 mm Wavelength....Pages 167-172 Near IR Observations of the 11 July 1991 Total Solar Eclipse from Mauna Kea, Hawaii....Pages 173-178 Infrared Images of the Sun During the July 11, 1991 Solar Eclipse....Pages 179-183 IR Observations of the K and F Corona During the 1991 Eclipse....Pages 185-197 Infrared Coronal Observations at the 1991 Solar Eclipse....Pages 199-203 On the Coronal and Prominence Structures Observed at the Total Solar Eclipse of 11 July 1991....Pages 205-210 The White-Light, Far-Red (600–700 nm) and Emission Coronae at the July 11, 1991 Eclipse....Pages 211-215 The Structure of the White-Light Corona at the 1991 Eclipse....Pages 217-221 Front Matter....Pages 223-223 Subphotospheric Convection....Pages 225-237 The Infrared Granulation: Observations....Pages 239-250 Simultaneous IR and Visible Light Measurements of the Solar Granulation....Pages 251-257 Measurements of Horizontal Flows in 1.6 μ m Granulation....Pages 259-264 On Sunspot and Facular Contrast Variations near 2 μm and 4 μm....Pages 265-270 Solar 5-Minute Oscillations at 2.23 μ m....Pages 271-276 Ground-Based Near-Infrared Observations of Global Solar Oscillations....Pages 277-282 Solar Oscillations Instrument at an Infrared Wavelength of 1.6 μ m at Yunnan Observatory....Pages 283-286 Magnetic Fields, Oscillations, and Heating in the Quiet Sun Temperature Minimum Region From Ultraviolet Observations At 1600 Å....Pages 287-294 Front Matter....Pages 295-295 Atomic Physics of the 12- μ m and Related Lines....Pages 297-307 The Formation of Infrared Rydberg Lines....Pages 309-322 Modeling the Infrared Magnesium and Hydrogen Lines from Quiet and Active Solar Regions....Pages 323-339 Front Matter....Pages 295-295 Computation of Infrared Hydrogen Lines....Pages 341-346 New Atomic Data for Mg I Lines....Pages 347-351 On the Ion Broadening of the 12 μ m Lines of Atomic Magnesium....Pages 353-357 High- l Rydberg Lines of Fe I in the ATMOS Spectra: 4 f -5 g , 5 g -6 h .......Pages 359-364 High- n Hydrogen Lines in Solar Infrared Spectra from Balloon-Borne, Mauna Kea, and ATMOS Observations....Pages 365-370 Solar Submillimeter and Millimeter Spectroscopy between 7 and 30 cm -1 from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope....Pages 371-376 Front Matter....Pages 377-377 Vector Magnetometry Using the 12- μ m Emission Lines....Pages 379-392 Properties of Magnetic Features from the Analysis of Near-Infrared Spectral Lines....Pages 393-405 Theoretical Models of Magnetic Flux Tubes: Structure and Dynamics....Pages 407-421 The Thermal and Magnetic Structure of Sunspots....Pages 423-435 Infrared Measurements of Stellar Magnetic Fields....Pages 437-447 Near Infrared Imaging Magnetometry....Pages 449-457 Flux Tube Shredding and Its Infrared Signature....Pages 459-463 The Structure of Umbral Fluxtubes....Pages 465-469 1.5 μ m Observations and the Depth of Sunspot Penumbrae....Pages 471-475 A Magnetic Field Strength vs . Temperature Relation in Sunspots....Pages 477-482 The IR Contrast of Magnetic Elements Obtained from High Spatial Resolution Observations at 1.6 μ m....Pages 483-488 Diagnostic Tools for Sunspots: The Molecules C 2 , Mg H and Ti O....Pages 489-492 New Infrared Measurements of Magnetic Fields on Cool Stars....Pages 493-497 Front Matter....Pages 499-499 Atomic Spectroscopy in the Infrared....Pages 501-510 Front Matter....Pages 499-499 The ATMOS Solar Atlas....Pages 511-521 Synthetic Infrared Spectra....Pages 523-531 Line Shifts and Asymmetries in the IR Solar Spectrum....Pages 533-537 Solar Abundances of C, N, and O....Pages 539-541 Analysis of Very High Excitation Fe I Lines (4 f —5 g ) in the Solar Infrared Spectrum....Pages 543-548 The Sun as a Laboratory Source for IR Molecular Spectroscopy....Pages 549-554 Front Matter....Pages 555-555 Prospects in Adaptive Optics for Solar Applications....Pages 557-566 Solar Optical Interferometry....Pages 567-578 The Near-Infrared Capabilities of Lest....Pages 579-588 A 4-meter McMath Telescope for the Infrared....Pages 589-594 The Applicability of a 5–18 μ m Array Camera to Solar Imaging....Pages 595-601 Near-IR Solar Coronal Observations with New-Technology Reflecting Coronographs....Pages 603-608 The use of tritium as a basic fuel material in a thermonuclear fusion reactor raises particular safety issues due to the combined effects of its physicochemical properties and its radioactive nature. Furthermore, the possibility of attaining further significant progress in developing and demonstrating the feasibility of tritium burning devices relies on the handling of tritium macroquantities, say tens of grams, in a safe and reliable manner. It is also certain that, apart from technological constraints, any validation and exploitation of thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy will be strongly conditioned by the application of stringent operational and environmental safety criteria derived from the norms of modern legislation and public acceptance considerations. This publication illustrates the most prominent safety aspects associated with the safe operation, maintenance and experimental utilization of a tritium handling facility. Besides the need for safe and reliable systems for tritium containment, monitoring and storage, particular attention is devoted to problems linked with tritium--material interaction and tritium processing, according to the different options applicable both to the tritium handling laboratory and future fusion devices. Selected topics, such as biological hazard, dosimetry, radiological protection and environmental safety are reviewed with particular attention to implications for operators and general public. Finally, outstanding experience gained during the recent JET operation and after many years of dismantling tritiated facilities at CEN--Valduc are illustrated. The book is principally addressed to scientists concerned with tritium R&D activities, as well as to designers and operators of tritium handling plants. The use of tritium as a basic fuel material in a thermonuclear fusion reactor raises particular safety issues due to the combined effects of its physico­ chemical properties and radioactive nature. Furthermore the possibility of attaining further significant progresses in developing and demonstrating the feasibility of tritium burning devices relies on the handling of tritium macroquantities, say ten grammes, in a safe and reliable manner. It is also undoubted that, apart from technological constraints, any validation and exploitation of thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy will be strongly conditioned by the application of stringent operational and environmental safety criteria as it derives from norms of the modern legislation and public acceptance considerations. Even if the safe handling of tritium has already been demonstrated to be feasible on a full fuel cycle scale, it is unanimously recognized that further efforts are still to be concentrated on the improvement of current concepts and development of advanced technologies. Some of the areas requiring substantial additional efforts are plasma exhaust fuel c1ean-up, tritium pellet injection, processing of inert carrier gas, development of large free-oil pumps,tritlUm process analytics, development of large detritiation systems, beryllium-tritium interaction studies, tritium hold-up studies in getter beds, adsorbers and structural materials, tritium recovery from first wall, structural and breeder materials for minimizing tritiated waste arising,tritium storage technology, tritiated waste disposal technolo~y, methodology for routine tritium accountancy,etc.. Most of them are intrinsically related to the safety requirement of tritium technology.

Infrared Solar Physics contains the proceedings of the 154th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Tucson, Arizona, March 2-5, 1992. Aimed at active workers and graduate students in solar physics, this volume provides the first comprehensive view of a rapidly expanding discipline that gives us a new perspective on the sun. Measurements across the wide infrared spectral range - here, from 1 mum to 1 mm - can probe the solar atmosphere from below the visible surface through the outer reaches of the corona. Taking full advantage of revolutionary advances in detector technology, infrared observations from the ground, aircraft and space have led to a better understanding of solar magnetic fields, atmospheric structure and activity, and elemental abundances. The infrared has also provided new interpretive challenges, such as the appearance of the 12-mum emission lines of magnesium. These and other developments are discussed here by the leading contributors to the field, who also give their perspectives on the future of this rich field of study.