Information Systems: 17th European, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern Conference, EMCIS 2020, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, November 25–26, 2020, ... Notes in Business Information Processing)

This book constitutes the proceedings papers from the 17th European, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems, EMCIS 2020, held in Dubai, UAE, in November 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference took place virtually. EMCIS focuses on approaches that facilitate the identification of innovative research of significant relevance to the Information Systems discipline following sound research methodologies that lead to results of measurable impact. The 56 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 161 submissions to the main conference. They are grouped in section on Big Data and Analytics, Blockchain Technology and Applications, Digital Government, Digital Services and Social Media, Emerging Computing Technologies and Trends for Business Process Management, Enterprise Systems, Healthcare Information Systems, Information Systems Security and Information Privacy Protection, Innovative Research Projects, Management and Organisational Issues in Information Systems. Preface Organization Contents Big Data and Analytics Towards Designing Conceptual Data Models for Big Data Warehouses: The Genomics Case Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 The Big Data Warehouse Conceptual Metamodel 4 The Big Genome Warehouse Conceptual Model 4.1 Data Modeling Rules 4.2 Data Modeling Patterns 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Automating Data Integration in Adaptive and Data-Intensive Information Systems Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Data Integration in Adaptive and Data-Intensive Information Systems 3.1 System Architecture 3.2 Similarity Assessment 4 Demonstration 4.1 Datasets Description 4.2 Similarity Graph 5 Discussion and Conclusions 5.1 Analysis and Discussion of Results 5.2 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Raising the Interoperability of Cultural Datasets: The Romanian Cultural Heritage Case Study Abstract 1 Motivation 2 Related Work 3 Problem Statement 3.1 Research Questions 3.2 Paper’s Contribution 3.3 Research Limitations 4 Data Source 5 Methodology Overview 6 Knowledge Base Representation 7 Data Challenges 7.1 Timestamp Normalization 7.2 Assigning the URIs for Resources 7.3 Identifying Similar Resources 7.4 Handling the Cardinality Constraints 7.5 Extending the EDM Vocabulary 8 Experimental Results 9 Conclusions and Further Development References An Inspection and Logging System for Complex Event Processing in Bosch’s Industry 4.0 Movement Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 The Inspection and Logging System as a IEB Mapping and Drill-Down Feeder 3.1 System Architecture 3.2 Design Rules for the Code Inspector Component 4 Demonstration Case 4.1 Code Inspector Flowchart 4.2 Graph Data Model 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References DECIDE: A New Decisional Big Data Methodology for a Better Data Governance Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 DECIDE and Data Governance Fundamentals 4 Overview of DECIDE 4.1 Preparation Phase 4.2 Transversal Phase 4.3 Data Collection and Storage Phase 4.4 Data Analysis and Presentation Phase 5 Data Governance Focus in DECIDE 5.1 Storage Design for Better Big Data Governance 5.2 Data Quality 5.3 Data Team Workforce 6 Conclusion References Towards the Machine Learning Algorithms in Telecommunications Business Environment Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Machine Learning and Data Science Algorithms 3 Model Building – Resources and Data Processing 4 Research Methodology and Implementation of Selected Methods 4.1 Random Forest Model 4.2 K-Nearest Neighbors Model 4.3 Extreme Gradient Boosting Model 4.4 Logistic Regression 5 Results and Discussion – Choosing a Machine Learning Model and Its Implementation 6 Conclusions References Blockchain Technology and Applications Blockchain Technology for Hospitality Industry Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Literature Review: Blockchain Technology and Hospitality Industry 4 Case Studies 5 Conclusion References Blockchain in Smart Energy Grids: A Market Analysis Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Blockchain Background 3 Blockchain in the Smart Energy Grid 3.1 Smart Grid 3.2 Blockchain and the Smart Grid 4 Market Analysis 4.1 Opportunities 4.2 Threats and Challenges 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Leadership Uniformity in Raft Consensus Algorithm 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Background 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Raft: Background 3 Model 3.1 Definitions 3.2 Performance Metrics 4 Experiments 5 Analysis of Performance 6 Conclusions References Positive and Negative Searches Related to the Bitcoin Ecosystem: Relationship with Bitcoin Price Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background and Motivation of Hypotheses 3 Data and Methodology 3.1 Data 3.2 Models 4 Empirical Results 4.1 Trend Analysis and Descriptive Statistics 4.2 Garch and Egarch Results 5 Conclusions and Discussion 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Limitations 5.3 Future Research References LOKI Vote: A Blockchain-Based Coercion Resistant E-Voting Protocol 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Basic Notions 3.1 El-Gamal Cryptosystem 3.2 Proof of Knowledge 3.3 Group Signature Scheme of Boneh, Boyen and Shacham 3.4 Loki 4 Protocol Description 4.1 Entities 4.2 Phases 5 Security Evaluation 5.1 Informal Security Evaluation 5.2 Formal Security Evaluation 6 Conclusion References Blockchain for Smart Cities: A Systematic Literature Review Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Why was Blockchain Chosen as the Solution? 3.2 What Blockchains are Being Considered for Use in Smart Cities? 3.3 What Blockchain Based Applications are Being Researched for Smart Cities? 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Blockchain in Digital Government: Research Needs Identification Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Method 3 Analysis of Research Method 3.1 Project Analysis 3.2 Scenario Analysis 4 Synthesis of Research Needs 5 Conclusions and Limitations Acknowledgments A Appendix References An Exploratory Study of the Adoption of Blockchain Technology Among Australian Organizations: A Theoretical Model Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Did We Choose Australia? 2 Literature Review 3 Theoretical Foundations 4 Research Methodology 5 Proposed Theoretical Model 5.1 Technology Context 5.2 Organizational Context 5.3 Environment Context 6 Discussion and Conclusion References Digital Government Analyzing a Frugal Digital Transformation of a Widely Used Simple Public Service in Greece Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Public Sector Innovation 2.2 Diffusion of Innovation 3 Digital Transformation of a Simple Service 3.1 Certification of Authenticity of Signature: Paper-Based Form 3.2 The New e-Services 4 Evaluation Methodology 5 Results 6 Conclusions Appendix – Survey Questionnaire References Why are Rankings of ‘Smart Cities’ Lacking? An Analysis of Two Decades of e-Government Benchmarking Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Justification and Methodological Approach 3 Smart City Rankings 4 e-Government Rankings 4.1 European Union’s Ranking 4.2 UN e-Government Survey 5 Why Are ‘Smart City’ Rankings Lacking? 6 Conclusions References Citizens’ Perceptions of Mobile Tax Filing Services Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Mobile Government Drivers and Benefits 2.2 Mobile Government Challenges 2.3 Mobile Government Case Study Overview 3 Theoretical Foundation of the Study 4 Research Methods 5 Research Results 5.1 Descriptive Statistics 5.2 Hypothesis Testing 5.3 Discussion of the Findings 6 Conclusion, Recommendations and Future Research 6.1 Concluding Remarks 6.2 Limitations and Future Research References Knowledge Graphs for Public Service Description: Τhe Case of Getting a Passport in Greece Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background Work 2.1 Methods for Providing PS Information About Public Services 2.2 Core Public Service Vocabulary 2.3 Knowledge Graphs 2.4 GRAKN.AI 3 Methodology 4 A Knowledge Graph for “Get a Passport” 4.1 Analysis of “Get a Passport” Based on CPSV-AP Model 4.2 Construct KG Schema 4.3 Implement KG in Grakn 4.4 Populate KG with Data 4.5 KG Usage Scenarios 4.6 Evaluation of the KG 5 Conclusions and Future Work Appendix References Digital Services and Social Media e-Commerce Websites and the Phenomenon of Dropshipping: Evaluation Criteria and Model Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Questions Development 4 Research Approach 5 Findings 5.1 Suggesting Product Replacements to Streamline Delivery Costs 5.2 Product Price Juxtaposition Mechanics that Hints a New Competitive Price Proposal Automatically 5.3 Wizard for Creating Customized Product Descriptions 5.4 Delivery Time- and Location-Driven Shipping 5.5 Management of Multi-instance Advertising Campaigns 6 Conclusions References E-Learning Improves Accounting Education: Case of the Higher Education Sector of Bahrain Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Methodology 4 Data Analysis and Findings 5 Conclusions and Recommendations References Influence of Website Design on E-Trust and Positive Word of Mouth Intentions in E-Commerce Fashion Websites Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Research Model 2.1 Product Information 2.2 Website Aesthetics 2.3 Website Usability 2.4 E-trust 2.5 Word of Mouth 2.6 Research Model 3 Method 3.1 Measures 3.2 Sample 4 Results 4.1 Reliability and Validity 4.2 Hypothesis Testing 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References When Persuasive Technology Gets Dark? 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Persuasive Technology 2.2 Possible Pitfalls When Designing Persuasive Technology 2.3 Dark Patterns and Computer Game 3 Visibility-Darkness Matrix 4 Use Case 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions and Future Research References Influential Nodes Prediction Based on the Structural and Semantic Aspects of Social Media 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Link Prediction Approaches 2.2 Social Influence Prediction Approaches 2.3 Preliminaries and Problem Statement 3 Semantic and Structural Influential Nodes Prediction 3.1 Phase 1 3.2 Phase 2 4 Experiments 4.1 Datasets 4.2 Algorithms and Parameters 4.3 Results 5 Conclusion References Determinants of the Intention to Use Online P2P Platforms from the Seller’s Perspective Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 P2P Platforms 2.2 Formulation of Hypotheses 2.3 Research Model 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion of Results and Conclusions 5.1 Discussion of Results 5.2 Study Contributions 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research References Social Media Impact on Academic Performance: Lessons Learned from Cameroon Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Conclusions, Limitations and Future Research Directions References Emerging Computing Technologies and Trends for Business Process Management Towards Applying Deep Learning to the Internet of Things: A Model and a Framework Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background and Review of Previous Related Research 2.1 Overview on Edge Computing and Internet of Things (IoT) 2.2 Overview on Deep Learning Model Management Systems (DL-MMS) 2.3 Gap in Literature 2.4 Objectives for DL Optimization 2.5 Knowledge Management Challenges for DL Optimization 3 Research Methodology 4 Proposed Solution 4.1 The DL Optimization Model Schema 4.2 Performance Measures Class 5 The DL for IoT Model Management Framework (DLOM2) 5.1 Graphical User Interface (GUI) 5.2 Cloud Repository 5.3 The DL Modeling Network 6 Illustrative Example 7 Discussion and Conclusion References HapiFabric: A Teleconsultation Framework Based on Hyperledger Fabric 1 Introduction 2 From BitCoin to Hyperledger Fabric 3 HapiFabric 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Participants and Assets 3.3 Teleconsultation Workflow 3.4 Storage 3.5 Chaincode 4 Use Case 4.1 Scenario - 1 4.2 Scenario - 2 4.3 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Enterprise Systems Evaluating the Utility of Human-Machine User Interfaces Using Balanced Score Cards Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 The Evaluation Approach 4 Using Balanced Scorecards 5 Result Analysis 6 Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgement References Enterprise Systems, ICT Capabilities and Business Analytics Adoption – An Empirical Investigation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Hypotheses 3.1 Technological Factors 3.2 Organizational Factors 3.3 Environmental Factors 4 Data and Method 5 Results - Discussion 6 Conclusions Appendix References Evaluation of Cloud Business Intelligence Prior to Adoption: The Voice of Small Business Enterprises in a South African Township Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Review of Related Works 3 Research Design and Data Collection Method 3.1 Ethical Issues 3.2 Trustworthiness 4 Analysis and Interpretation of Results 4.1 Evaluation Strategies Used by Decision Makers in Selecting Cloud Business Intelligence Solutions 4.2 Description of Challenges Faced in the Evaluation of Cloud Business Intelligence 4.3 Important Aspects Considered When Evaluating Cloud Business Intelligence Solutions 5 Discussion of Findings 5.1 What Security Evaluation Techniques Did SBEs Use When Selecting Cloud Business Intelligence Prior to Adoption? 5.2 What Challenges Did SBEs Face in Implementing the Evaluation Techniques? 5.3 What Did SBEs Consider to Be Important Aspects in Security Evaluation of CBIs? 6 Conclusions and Limitations References Healthcare Information Systems Hospital Information Systems: Measuring End-User Satisfaction Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Performance Evaluation of ANOVA and RFE Algorithms for Classifying Microarray Dataset Using SVM Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Dataset Used for Analysis 2.2 Experimental Methodology 2.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 2.4 Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) 2.5 Classification 2.6 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 3 Related Works 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Telemedicine in Shipping Made Easy - Shipping eHealth Solutions 1 Introduction 1.1 Telemedicine – Definition, Applications and Operations 1.2 Telemedicine and the Maritime Industry 1.3 Issues Arising from Storing and Transferring of Data 1.4 Limitations and Weaknesses of Existing Systems 1.5 Medical Data Encryption 1.6 Presentation of the New e-Health and m-Health System Designed for Use on Marine Vessels 2 Description 3 e-Health and m-Health: Practical Applications 3.1 Kit Presentation 3.2 Drivers and Encryption Process Presentation 4 Conclusions References Information Systems Security and Information Privacy Protection Game-Based Information Security/Privacy Education and Awareness: Theory and Practice Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theories and Approaches for Motivated Learning 2.1 Framework for Gamification and Game-Based Learning 2.2 Novel Theories (Game-Based) for Information Security/Privacy Learning 3 Challenge-Based and Gamification-Based Tools for Computer Security Education and Awareness 3.1 Capture the Flag (CTF) Platforms and Cyber Ranges 3.2 Serious Games and Computer Games Integrating Educative Context 3.3 Tabletop Games 3.4 Alternate Reality Games (ARG) 3.5 Puzzle/Interactive Books 3.6 Escape Rooms 4 Conclusions References Big Data Analytics in Healthcare Applications: Privacy Implications for Individuals and Groups and Mitigation Strategies Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background: Applications of Big Data in Healthcare and Privacy Issues 3 Privacy Challenges in the Healthcare Context 3.1 Case Study: Fighting Against COVID-19 Pandemic with Big Data 4 Privacy Threats for Individuals and Groups 5 Privacy-Preserving Techniques 6 Discussions and Conclusions References A Multiple Algorithm Approach to Textural Features Extraction in Offline Signature Recognition Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Method 3.1 Signature Image Filtering 3.2 Signature Image Cropping 3.3 Signature Image Resizing 4 Features Extraction 4.1 Local Binary Pattern 4.2 Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix 5 Matching 6 Experimental Result 6.1 MYCT Dataset 6.2 GPDS Dataset 7 Conclusion References Modified Least Significant Bit Technique for Securing Medical Images Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Material and Method 3.1 Proposed Method 3.2 Materials 3.3 Proposed Method Algorithms 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Embedding Phase of the System 4.2 Extracting Phase of the System 5 Qualitative Evaluation Metric 5.1 Comparative Evaluation 6 Conclusion References A New Text Independent Speaker Recognition System with Short Utterances Using SVM Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Support Vector Machines 2.1 Linear Support Vector Machines 2.2 Non-linear Support Vector Machines 2.3 Kernel Support Vector Machines 3 Related Works 4 Experiments 4.1 Test Database 4.2 Acoustic Features 4.3 SVM Systems 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusions and Perspectives References Innovative Research Projects Artificial Intelligence for Air Safety Abstract 1 Introduction and Applications of AI in Aviation 2 Research Methodology 3 Air Safety 4 Classification of Air Accidents 5 Analysis of Air Accidents 6 Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Air Safety 7 AI Based Smart Cockpit Assistant 8 Cost of Accidents 9 Conclusions References A Creative Information System Based on the SCAMPER Technique Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research on Creativity 2.1 SCAMPER Technique 2.2 Creative Information System 3 Information System Architecture for the SCAMPER Technique 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Using Knowledge Graphs and Cognitive Approaches for Literature Review Analysis: A Framework Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review Process Challenges 2.1 Accessibility to Scientific Databases 2.2 Bias of Scientific Databases 2.3 Inefficient Search and Retrieve Algorithms 2.4 Human Cognitive Limitations 2.5 Approachability of New Ideas 3 Why to Reuse Thematic Codes? 4 Theoretical Lens 5 Literature Review 5.1 Gap in Literature 6 Research Methodology 7 The Proposed Framework 7.1 The User Interface 7.2 The Controlling System 7.3 The Code Project Repository 8 Implementation 8.1 Building the Framework Components 8.2 Illustrative Scenario 9 Discussion and Conclusion References IT Governance and Alignment The Influence of Cloud Computing on IT Governance in a Swedish Municipality Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Background 2.1 Cloud Computing Service Models 2.2 IT Governance Framework 2.3 Cloud Computing Influence on IT Governance 2.4 Research Conceptual Framework 3 Research Methodology 4 Results 4.1 IT Governance Structures, Processes and Relational Mechanisms in the Swedish Municipality 4.2 SaaS Influence on IT Governance Structure, Processes and Relational Mechanisms in the Swedish Municipality 5 Conclusions References Cultural Barriers in Digital Transformation in a Public Organization: A Case Study of a Sri-Lankan Organization Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Background 2.1 Culture and Barriers in Digital Transformation 2.2 The Importance of Digital Transformation in Public Organizations 2.3 Factors Affecting Digital Transformation Identified in Research Literature 3 Research Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Strategic Alignment During Digital Transformation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Prior Studies 2.1 Digital Transformation 2.2 Strategic Alignment in the Digital Transformation Era 2.3 Conceptual Research Framework 3 Research Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 The Case Organisations 4.2 Digital Transformation- and Strategic Alignment Maturity 4.3 Determinant Factors for Strategic Alignment in the Digital Transformation Era 5 Conclusion References Management and Organisational Issues in Information Systems A Chief Information Officer (CIO) Framework for Managing the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR): An Exploratory Research Synthesis 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Research Synthesis 3.1 CIO Roles and Capabilities not Directly Related to the 4IR 3.2 4IR Themes Relevant to CIO Roles and Capabilities 3.3 CIO Framework for Managing the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) 4 Conclusion References A Change and Constancy Management Approach for Managing the Unintended Negative Consequences of Organizational and IT Change 1 Introduction 2 Relevant Literature 3 Methodology 3.1 Philosophy, Methodological Choice and Strategy 3.2 Data Selection and Collection 4 Findings 4.1 Respondent Characteristics 4.2 Perceptions of Change and Constancy 4.3 Success Rates of Large Organizational and IT Changes 4.4 Unintended Negative Consequences of Large Organizational and IT Changes 4.5 Actively Managing Both the Organizational and IT Aspects that Are Intended for Change and Those not Intended for Change 4.6 Interdependence of Large Organizational and IT Changes 5 Conclusion References Evaluating the Impacts of IoT Implementation on Inter-organisational Value Co-creation in the Chinese Construction Industry Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 2.2 Supply Chain Collaboration (SCC) 2.3 Inter-organisational Value Co-creation (VCC) 2.4 IoT Implementation and Inter-organisational VCC 3 Conceptual Framework and Hypothesis 3.1 IoT Implementation and Competency Alignment (CA) 3.2 IoT Implementation and Behavioural Alignment (BA) 3.3 IoT Implementation and Process Alignment (PA) 3.4 IoT Implementation and Congruence of Expectations (CE) 4 Methodology 5 Findings 5.1 Reliability Analysis and Results 5.2 Correlation Analysis, Regression Analysis and Discussion 5.2.1 IoT Implementation and Competency Alignment 5.2.2 IoT Implementation and Behavioural Alignment 5.2.3 IoT Implementation and Process Alignment 5.2.4 IoT Implementation and Congruence of Expectation 6 Conclusion, Implications and Directions for Future Research References Enhancing Decision-Making in New Product Development: Forecasting Technologies Revenues Using a Multidimensional Neural Network Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Design 3.1 Proposed Methodology 3.2 Neural Network Structures 4 Experimentation 4.1 Data Collection 4.2 Training, Testing and Prediction Datasets Creation 4.3 Neural Networks Implementation 4.4 Results 5 Conclusion/Discussion References The Effects of Outsourcing on Performance Management in SMEs 1 Introduction 1.1 Understanding the Concept of Outsourcing 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 The Core Competencies Theory 2.2 The Transaction Cost Theory 2.3 The Social View Theory 3 Conceptual Framework 3.1 Classification, According to (Isaksson and Lantz 2015) 3.2 Classification, According to Harward (2010) 4 Discussion 4.1 Research Gaps and Expansion of Existing Literature 5 Conclusion References The Attitude of Consumer Towards a Brand Source: Context of UAE Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem of the Research 1.2 Aims of the Research 1.3 Objectives of the Research 2 Literature Review 2.1 Brand Attractiveness and Customer’s Attitude 2.2 Brand Loyalty and Customer’s Attitude 2.3 Celebrity Endorsement and Customer’s Attitude 3 Related Theories and Concepts 3.1 Social Identification Theory 3.2 Functional Theory 4 Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses 5 Research Methodology 5.1 Population, Sample Size and Selection 5.2 Data Collection 5.3 Data Analysis Method 6 Discussion 6.1 Research Gaps 6.2 Expanding Existing Literature 6.3 Possible Research Questions 7 Conclusion References Assessing the Success of the University Information System: A User Multi-group Perspective Abstract 1 Introduction 2 University Study-Oriented System 3 DeLone and McLean IS Success Model 4 Data and Scales Reliability 5 Comparison of USOS Success Models 5.1 Measurement Equivalence of Constructs 5.2 Comparison of Multi-group Models 5.3 Mediation Analysis 6 Conclusions and Limitations Acknowledgements References IS Project Management Success in Developing Countries 1 Introduction 2 Background and Related Research 2.1 IS Project Management Success 2.2 IS Project Management Success in Developing Countries 3 Method 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References An Iterative Information System Design Process Towards Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Sustainability and Information System Design 2.2 Design Process 3 Proposed Design Process 3.1 Foundation of the Design Phases 3.2 Structure of the Triggers as Design Phases 4 Design Principles 4.1 Design Principles for Iterative Design Process for Sustainability 5 Discussions and Future Work 6 Conclusions References Extensive Use of RFID in Shipping 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Cargo Safety 2.2 Cargo Management and Positioning 2.3 Quality Assurance 2.4 Emergency Tracking 3 RFID Technology 3.1 RFID Tags and Their Categories 3.2 RFID Readers 3.3 RFID Applications 4 RFID Applications in Shipping 4.1 Electronic Container Seal 4.2 Cargo Management and Positioning 4.3 Quality Assurance 4.4 Emergency Tracking 5 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.1 Advantages 5.2 Disadvantages 6 Conclusions References Author Index