Information Hiding: Second International Workshop, IH’98, Portland, Oregon, USA, April 14–17, 1998, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (1525))

The Mid-1990ssaw An Exciting Convergenceof A Number Of Dieren T Information Protection Technologies, Whose Theme Was The Hiding (as Opposed To Encryption) Of Information. Copyright Marking Schemes Are About Hiding Either Copyright Notices Or Individual Serial Numbers Imperceptibly In Digital Audio And Video, As A Component In Intellectual Property Protection Systems; Anonymous C- Munication Is Another Area Of Rapid Growth, With People Designing Systems For Electronic Cash, Digital Elections, And Privacy In Mobile Communications; Se- Rity Researchers Are Also Interested In ‘stray’ Communication Channels, Such As Those Which Arise Via Shared Resourcesin Operating Systems Or The Physical Le- Age Of Information Through Radio Frequency Emissions; And N Ally, Many Workers In These Elds Drew Inspiration From ‘classical’ Hidden Communication Methods Such As Steganography And Spread-spectrum Radio. The Rst International Workshop On This New Emergent Discipline Of Inf- Mation Hiding Was Organised By Ross Anderson And Held At The Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge, From The 30th May To The 1st June 1996, And Was Judged By Attendees To Be A Successful And Signi Cant Event. In Addition To A Number Of Research Papers, We Had Invited Talks From David Kahn On The History Of Steganography And From Gus Simmons On The History Of Subliminal Channels. We Also Had A Number Of Discussion Sessions, Culminating In A Series Of Votes On Common Terms And De Nitions. These Papers And Talks, Together With Minutes Of The Discussion, Can Be Found In The Proceedings, Which Are Published In This Series As Volume 1174. Steganography -- Information Hiding To Foil The Casual Counterfeiter -- Fingerprinting Digital Circuits On Programmable Hardware -- Steganography In A Video Conferencing System -- Reliable Blind Information Hiding For Images -- Cerebral Cryptography -- Other Applications -- The Steganographic File System -- Stop- And- Go-mixes Providing Probabilistic Anonymity In An Open System -- Biometric Yet Privacy Protecting Person Authentication -- On Software Protection Via Function Hiding -- Soft Tempest: Hidden Data Transmission Using Electromagnetic Emanations -- Copyright Marking -- Robust Digital Watermarking Based On Key-dependent Basis Functions -- Intellectual Property Protection Systems And Digital Watermarking -- Secure Copyright Protection Techniques For Digital Images -- Shedding More Light On Image Watermarks -- Continuous Steganographic Data Transmission Using Uncompressed Audio -- Attack -- Attacks On Copyright Marking Systems -- Testing Digital Watermark Resistance To Destruction -- Analysis Of The Sensitivity Attack Against Electronic Watermarks In Images -- Steganalysis Of Images Created Using Current Steganography Software -- Twin Peaks: The Histogram Attack To Fixed Depth Image Watermarks -- Theory -- An Information-theoretic Model For Steganography -- Steganalysis And Game Equilibria -- Modelling The False Alarm And Missed Detection Rate For Electronic Watermarks -- Modeling The Security Of Steganographic Systems -- On Public-key Steganography In The Presence Of An Active Warden. David Aucsmith (ed.). Includes Bibliographical References. Information Hiding Preface Table of Contents Information Hiding to Foil the Casual Counterfeiter Introduction The Problem Paper Overview Patchwork (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Patch Shape Variance Summary Patch Track Encoding Algorithm Decoding Tartan Threads Approach Experiments Patch Track Results Tartan Thread Results Discussion Conclusions References 1. E. Adelson, Digital Signal Encoding and Decoding Apparatus, U.S. Patent No. 4,939,515 (1990). 2. D. L. Hecht, “Embedded Data Glyph Technology for Hardcopy Digital Documents,” SPIE 2171 (1995). 3. K. Matsui and K. Tanaka, “Video-Steganography: How to Secretly Embed a Signature in a Picture... 4. R. C. Dixon, Spread Spectrum Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1976). 5. S. K. Marvin, Spread Spectrum Handbook, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York (1985). 6. G. B. Rhoads, Method and apparatus responsive to a code signal conveyed through a graphic ima... 7. I. Cox, J. Kilian, T. Leighton, and T. Shamoon, “Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Mult... 8. A. V. Drake, Fundamentals of Applied Probability, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York (1967). 9. W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, and A. Lu, “Techniques for Datahiding,” IBM Systems Journal... 10. W. Bender, D. Gruhl, and N. Morimoto, Method and Apparatus for Data Hiding in Images, U.S. P... 11. “Fundamental Facts About Money,” Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, http://www.frbatlanta.org/... 12. “Genuine or Counterfeit?,” Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, http://www.frbatlanta.org/public... 13. “Currency Page,” The Department of the Treasury, http://www.treas.gov/whatsnew/newcur/curren... 14. “Ink-jet counterfeiting on the rise,” Reuters, http://www.zdnet.com/zdnn/content/reut/0401/ ... Acknowledgments Fig. 1. As d or n increases, the distribution of shifts further to the right. Fig. 2. The contour of a patch largely determines which frequencies will be modified by the app... Fig. 3. Patch placement affects patch visibility. Fig. 4. Random cone-shaped patch used with Patch Track method. The depth across the patch is cho... Fig. 5. Patch Track on a one-dollar bill Fig. 6. Patch Track results. A variety of documents, encoded with a password of 10 are decoded a... Fig. 7. The region of the bill used in the Tartan Thread experiment Fig. 8. Tartan Thread results: phase for each 200 thread elements (left) and error rate versus e... Fingerprinting Digital Circuits on Programmable Hardware Introduction Motivation Motivational Example Limitations Contributions Related Work Approach Experimental Results Conclusion Acknowledgements References Steganography in a Video Conferencing System Introduction Video Conferencing Systems Discrete Cosine Transformation An Example Signal Path Algorithm Implementation Conclusion Reliable Blind Information Hiding for Images Introduction Existing Methods SSIS Spread Spectrum Image Processing Error-Control Coding SSIS Performance Conclusions Cerebral Cryptography Introduction Model The Main Idea Schemes Depth Perception Basic Idea A 3-D Bar Code Scheme A More General Scheme 2-out-of-n Schemes Conclusions and Open Problems The Steganographic File System Introduction A Simple Construction An Alternative Construction Relevance to Classical Steganography Conclusions Stop-and-Go-MIXes Providing Probabilistic Anonymity in an Open System Introduction Basic Notions and Techniques Implicit Addresses and Broadcasting DC-Network The MIX-Method Probabilistic Security The Stop-and-Go-MIX (SG-MIX) The SG-MIX Protocol The Security of the SG-MIX Conclusions Acknowledgement Biometric yet Privacy Protecting Person Authentication Introduction Cryptographic Primitives Notation Restrictive Blind Signature Scheme Restrictive Cascade Signature Scheme Diverted Proof of Knowledge Driver's License Scheme Binding a Pseudonym to a Driver Issuing a Driver's License Showing a Driver's License Conclusions and Open Questions Acknowledgement On Software Protection via Function Hiding Introduction The Usefulness of Function Hiding Evaluating Encrypted Functions Computing Encrypted Results Fingerprinting Encrypted Functions and Their Results How to Hide Polynomials Homomorphic Encryption Schemes Hiding a Polynomial in a Program A Na"{i }ve Protocol for Protecting Polynomials Hidden Checksums Fingerprinting Encrypted Functions Discussion Learning Attack Hiding General Programs Some Related Work Summary Soft Tempest: Hidden Data Transmission Using Electromagnetic Emanations Introduction Shortwave Audio Transmissions The Video Display Eavesdropping Receiver Hiding Information in Dither Patterns Broadband Transmissions A New Protective Measure: Tempest Fonts Conclusions Robust Digital Watermarking Based on Key-Dependent Basis Functions Introduction An Attack on Global Watermarking Schemes Orthogonal Patterns and Their Use in Digital Watermarking Secure Public Black-Box Watermark Detector Conclusions and Future Directions Acknowledgments References Intellectual Property Protection Systems and Digital Watermarking Introduction A Systemic View of IP Protection Digital Watermarking Conclusion References Secure Copyright Protection Techniques for Digital Images Introduction State-of-the-Art Overview Copyright Protection and Image Owner Authentication Cryptographic Mechanisms Individual Copyright Protection Trading of Digital Images Copyright Protection with Registered Keys Copyright Protection with a Copyright Center Oblivious Image Owner Authentication Error Control Coding Encoding the Message Oblivious Image Authentication Algorithm Properties of the Watermark Conclusions and Future Work Glossary Shedding More Light on Image Watermarks Introduction A General Watermarking System Definitions Imperceptibility Hiding Information Detecting the Watermark Attacks Cryptographic Security Size of Key Space Discussion Image Watermarking and Spread Spectrum Modulation Spatial-Domain Image Watermarking Modulation Preprocessing Demodulation Interleaving Watermark Detection Watermark Decoding Synchronization Attacks Conclusions and Further Work Continuous Steganographic Data Transmission Using Uncompressed Audio Introduction Encoder Modulation Signal Conditioning Audio Signal I/O Decoder Results Perceptual Distortion Bit Error Rates Conclusions Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems Information Hiding Applications Copyright Protection Issues Problems Copyright Marks Simple Hiding Methods Robustness Requirements General Techniques Attacks The Jitter Attack StirMark The Mosaic Attack Attack on {em Echo Hiding} Protocol Considerations Implementation Considerations Conclusion Testing Digital Watermark Resistance to Destruction Introduction Watermarking Algorithms Under Consideration Techniques Used to Test Watermark Resistance to Destruction Experimentation Summary of Results Conclusions and Future Work References Analysis of the Sensitivity Attack against Electronic Watermarks in Images Introduction Typical Watermarking Detector The Attack Countermeasure Reliability Sophisticating the Attack Probabilistic Behavior Discussion Concluding Remarks Proof of Theorem 1 Proof of Theorem 2 Steganalysis of Images Created Using Current Steganography Software Introduction Terminology Steganographic Methods Detecting Hidden Information Destroying Steganography and Watermarks Related Work Comments and Conclusion Acknowledgement References Twin Peaks: The Histogram Attack to Fixed Depth Image Watermarks Introduction Definitions Watermarks Fixed Depth Watermarks Misleading the Detector Twin Peaks: The Histogram Attack Examples Flattening Practical Results Non-zero Length Sequences The Algorithm Attacks Using Many Images Conclusions An Information-Theoretic Model for Steganography Introduction Review of Hypothesis Testing Model and Definition of Security Unconditionally Secure Stegosystems Steganography with Universal Data Compression Extensions Steganalysis and Game Equilibria Introduction Review of Matrix Games A Steganological Game Equilibria for the Game Two Numerical Examples Further Work Acknowledgments Modelling the False Alarm and Missed Detection Rate for Electronic Watermarks Background Formulation of the Model Image Model Watermark Model DC Components Watermark Spectrum Correlator Detector Example 1: (Quasi-)Whiteand DC-Free Watermark Example 2: The Effect of a Non-zero DC Component Computational and Experimental Results Conclusions Acknowledgements Modeling the Security of Steganographic Systems A Short Introduction to Steganography Steganography vs. Cryptography Related Work Using Information Theory to Evaluate the Security of Steganographic Systems Introducing Indeterminism into the Steganographic Function Conclusions References On Public-Key Steganography in the Presence of an Active Warden The Prisoners' Problem Private-Key Steganography Public-Key Steganography Boiling Out the Impurities Pure Steganography Using the Anderson Protocol Public-Key Steganography in the Presence of an Active Warden Cover-Plots and Supraliminal Channels Public-Key Steganography with a Supraliminal Channel Are Supraliminal Channels ``Fair?'' Conclusion This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Information Hiding, IH'98, held in Portland, Oregon, USA in April 1998. The 25 revised full papers presented have gone through two rounds of reviewing and revision and were selected from initially 41 submissions. The book documents the state of the art in the area of information hiding research and development. The papers are organized in sections on steganography, other applications, copyright marking, attacks, and theory