Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2023 : Proceedings of the ENTER 2023 ETourism Conference, January 18-20, 2023

adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Preface Organization Scientific Committee Contents Technology The Initial Impact of Technology Enabled Relationship Creation in Rural Lebanon 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Community Based Tourism 2.2 eTourism 4 Development and Host-Guest Relationships 2.3 Transformative Experiences 3 Methodology 3.1 Sample and Procedures 3.2 Analyses 4 Results 4.1 Host Perspectives 4.2 Guest Perspectives 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Research References Meaning of Fun in Hotel Gamified Applications 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Methodology 4 Findings and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Riding Against the Algorithm: Algorithmic Management in On-Demand Food Delivery 1 Introduction 2 Platform Economies of Hospitality and Tourism 3 From Algorithmic Management to AlgoActivism 4 Method 5 Findings and Discussion 5.1 Optimizing the Restaurant Work Process 5.2 Surveillance of Task Completion 5.3 Keeping up with the System Updates and Finding Loopholes 5.4 Emergent Power Asymmetries 6 Conclusion, Limitations and Further Research References “Domestic or International?” The Impact of Cognitive Absorption of Short-Form Videos on Tourists’ Post-COVID Travel Intention: An Exploratory Study on Douyin 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Hypothesis Development 2.2 The Measurement of Cognitive Absorption 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection and Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Descriptive Statistics 4.2 Measurement Model 4.3 Structural Model Evaluation and Hypothesis Testing 5 Discussion 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Theoretical and Practical Implications 5.3 Limitations and Future Studies References A Re-rank Algorithm for Online Hotel Search 1 Introduction 2 Data Analysis 3 Re-rank Algorithm 4 A/B Test Results 5 Influence of the OTA 6 Conclusions References Exploring Customer Experience with Service Robots in Hospitality and Tourism: Activity Theory Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Interview Operationalization and Sample 2.2 Using Activity Theory for Interview Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Object (Customer Experience with Service Robots in a Hospitality Unit) 3.2 Subject (Customers of Hospitality Establishments) 3.3 Technology (Service Robots) 3.4 Community 3.5 Rules (Implementation Procedures of Service Robots) 3.6 Division of Labor (Division of Service) 3.7 Outcomes 3.8 Context 4 General Directions on Using Activity Theory for Future Research 5 Limitations 6 Significance of the Study References How Do Affect the Infusion of Smart Technology and Mindfulness of Tourism SMEs on Competitiveness? 1 Introduction and Research Aim 2 Background and/or Conceptual Model 3 Methodology 4 Results and/or Discussion and Contributions References User Experience and Spatial Presence in a Walk-In Augmented Reality 3D Model for Tourists 1 Introduction 2 AR Implementation of Mannerheim’s Saloon Car 3 Methods 3.1 Participants 3.2 Procedure, Materials, and Equipment 3.3 Data Analysis 4 Results 5 Discussion References Spatial Spillover Effects of the Digital Economy on Tourism Demand: Evidence from China 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology and Data 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Mobile Eye-Tracking as a Research Method to Explore the D/Deaf Experience at Arts and Cultural Venues 1 Introduction 2 Deaf Experience 3 MET as Method 4 Conceptual Framework 5 Discussion References The Effect of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Cryptocurrency Use on Changes in the Transaction Utility of International Tourists 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Transaction Utility 2.2 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Type of Currency 3 Methods 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Changes in Transaction Utility 4.2 The Effect of Purchasing Power Parity and Type of Currency 5 Implication and Future Research References Daily Deals Usage in the Pandemic Context of the Slovenian Hotels: Technology Adoption Perspective 1 Introduction and Study Rationale 2 Technology Adoption Frameworks 3 Methodology 4 Preliminary Findings and Conceptual Model Proposal 5 Discussion and Future Research Directions References Social Media and User Generated Content Factors Influencing Users’ Content Sharing Intention in Travel-Related Consumer Generated Media 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background and Research Hypotheses 2.1 Content Sharing 2.2 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 2.3 Uses and Gratifications Theory (U&G) 2.4 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection Procedures and Respondents 3.2 Measurement 3.3 Data Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Respondents’ Profiles 4.2 Evaluation of the Measurement Model 4.3 Structural Model and Hypotheses Testing 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion 6.1 Implications for Theory 6.2 Implications for Practice 6.3 Limitations References Exploring the Possibility of Short-Form Travel Videos for Cross-Border Promotion in Rural Tourism During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Hypothesis Development 2.1 STVs and Destination Marketing 2.2 SOR Model 2.3 Emotional Resonance and Cognitive Resonance 2.4 Attitude Towards STVs and Response 3 Methodology 3.1 Research Design 3.2 Data Collection and Quality Control 3.3 Measurement and Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Descriptive Statistics and Measurement Model 4.2 Structural Model and Hypothesis Testing 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions 6.1 Theoretical and Practical Implications 6.2 Limitations and Future Studies References Can TikTok Sound Enhance Tourism SMEs’ Engagement? 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Sound 2.2 Marketer-Generated Content 2.3 Customer Engagement 3 Methods 4 Results 5 Implications References Visual Social Media Communication of Italian Luxury Hotels and the Pandemic: An AI-Assisted Content Analysis 1 Introduction and Background 2 Methodology 3 Findings and Discussion 4 Conclusion References What Makes People So Fond of Food Travel Vlogs? A Preliminary Study 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Findings and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Smart and Sustainable Destination Experiences: A Content Analysis on Finnish Tourism Experts’ Perspectives 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Methodology 4 Preliminary Findings 5 Conclusion References Where You Sleep Tells What You Care About 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Analysis 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Social Media-Based Tourist Flow Weighting 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Case Study Background and Data Collection 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Discussion References Destinations Contribution of Network Approach to Tourism Destination Governance 1 Introduction 2 An Overview of Network Approach Focusing on Tourism Destination Governance 3 Methodology 4 Application of Network Approach in Tourism Destination Governance Research 4.1 Supply-Side Networks 4.2 Demand-Side Networks 5 Conclusion References Boundaries of Visitors’ Willingness to Disclose Personal Information to Tourism Destinations 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Information Demand of DMO Websites and Services 2.2 Intention and Willingness Towards Sharing Information Online 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Blurred, But Clear View 4.2 Positive Incentives 4.3 Subjective Well-Being 4.4 Restraining Aspects 5 Conclusion 5.1 Theoretical Implications 5.2 Practical Implications 5.3 Limitations and Further Research References How Do Destinations Relate to One Another? A Study of Destination Visual Branding on Instagram 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Exploring Post-COVID-19 Branding Strategies of African Destinations 1 Introduction 2 Review of Related Literature 3 Methods 4 Data Analyses and Results 4.1 Arts, Culture, and Wellbeing 4.2 Wildlife and Adventure 4.3 Business Promotion and Hospitality 5 Discussion 5.1 Implications 5.2 Limitations and Future Research References Special Research Session on Big Data Analytics and Forecasting in Tourism Market Estimating Tourist Arrivals by User Generated Content Volume in Periods of Extraordinary Demand Fluctuations 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Preparation 3.3 Component Model 3.4 Estimation of Tourism Arrivals Based on UGC 3.5 Seasonal Naïve Arrivals Prediction 4 Findings 4.1 Component Model 4.2 Estimation of Tourism Arrivals Based on UGC 4.3 Discussion of Results 5 Conclusion and Outlook References A Scoping Study of Ethics in Artificial Intelligence Research in Tourism and Hospitality 1 Introduction 2 Literature 2.1 Artificial Intelligence 2.2 Ethics, Bias, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3 Methods 3.1 Data Scoping Steps 3.2 Data Charting 3.3 Data Overview 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Privacy and Bias 4.2 Protection and Transparency 4.3 (De)humanization and Sustainability 4.4 Inclusion and Safety 4.5 Policy and Legal 5 Conclusions and Future Work References Tourist Flow Simulation in GAMA Using Historical Data Parameters 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Experiment and Results 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Comparing Marketing and Computer-Based Methods for Evaluating Online Reviews 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Analysis in Marketing 3.2 Data Analysis in Computer Science 3.3 Data Collection 4 Results References Towards Recommender Systems in Augmented Reality for Tourism 1 Introduction 2 Description of Our Prototype 2.1 Recommender System 2.2 Localization 3 Conclusion and Future Work References Special Research Session on: Metaverse in Hospitality Gamification and Innovation Acceptance Among Finnish DMOs - Case King’s Road 1 Introduction 2 Gamification in Tourism 3 Innovation Acceptance 4 Method 5 Findings and Conclusions 6 Discussion Bibliography Never-Ending Tourism: Tourism Experience Scenarios for 2030 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Tourism Experiences and the Metaverse 2.2 Never-Ending Tourism 3 Methodology 4 Findings 4.1 Scenario 1: Never-Ending Support “THE Digital Companion” 4.2 Scenario 2: Never-Ending Balance “The Digital Escape” 4.3 Scenario 3: Never-Ending Relationship “The Digital Connection” 5 Conclusion and Implications 5.1 Discussion 5.2 Implications for Tourism Practice and Future Research References Metaverse and Tourism: From a New Niche to a Transformation 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Phenomenon of Metaverse 2.2 The Contemporary Phenomenon of Tourism 3 Methodology 4 Findings 4.1 Tourist Needs in Metaverse 4.2 Destination Metaverse 4.3 Metaverse Ecosystem 4.4 Escape with Metaverse 5 Discussion 5.1 Metaverse Services as a Niche for Tourism 5.2 Transformation of Tourism Under Metaverse 6 Conclusion References Back in Time with Immersive Heritage Tourism Experience: A Study of Virtual Reality in Archaeological Sites 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Tourism Experience and Immersive Technologies 2.2 Virtual Reality in Heritage Sites 3 Methodology 4 Preliminary Results and Implications References Marketing Tourism Products in Virtual Reality: Moderating Effect of Product Complexity 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework 2.1 Media Richness and Telepresence 2.2 Product Complexity 2.3 Purchase Intention 3 Methodology 4 Data Analysis 5 Discussion and Conclusion References AI-Generated Content, Creative Freelance Work and Hospitality and Tourism Marketing 1 Introduction 2 Creative Freelance Work 3 AI-Generated Content and the Era of ‘Falsity’ 4 Implications for Hospitality and Tourism Marketing References Legal Considerations on the Relationship Between Tourism Marketing and AR 1 AR and Marketing 2 Previous Research 2.1 Privacy 2.2 The Impact of Pokémon Go 3 The Need for Systematic Research 3.1 The Case of Private Property 3.2 Public Land 3.3 Concept of Time 4 Summary and Future Work References Talking Houses: Transforming Touristic Buildings into Intelligent Characters in Augmented Reality 1 Introduction 2 Talking House: Transforming Buildings into Characters 3 AR Technology and Localization 4 The AR Experience: The Square and the Hunt 5 Experimental Evaluation 6 Conclusion and Future Works References Special Research Session on Sustainable Solutions for Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in Tourism and Hospitality What Makes Potential Tourists Trust the Managerial Response of the Hotel? - The Three-Way Interaction of Ability, Benevolence, and Integrity 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background and Research Model 3 Methods and Results 4 Conclusions References Assessing Turnover Intentions of Algorithmically Managed Hospitality Workers 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Foundation 3 Methods 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Recommendation References Agent-Based Modelling for Sustainable Tourism 1 Introduction 2 ABM in Tourism Research 2.1 Key Features of ABM 2.2 Visitor Flow and ABM 3 Data-Driven Tourism for Sustainability (dTS) 3.1 The dTS Project in Short 3.2 Agents – Environment – Interactions 4 Conclusion References Older Adults’ Perceptions of Digital Cultural Tourism in ‘Super-Aged’ Nations: The Case of Finland and Japan 1 Introduction 2 Barriers and Drivers of Technology Use Among Older Tourists 3 Methods 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Author Index This open access book provides an extensive overview of the usage of information and communication technologies in the tourism and hospitality industry. It presents the proceedings of the International Federation for IT and Travel & Tourism (IFITT)’s 30th Annual International eTourism Conference, which assembles the latest research presented at the ENTER2023 conference. The enclosed papers cover various topics within the field, including augmented and virtual reality, website development, social media use, e-learning, big data, analytics and recommendation systems.