Influence of Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds, and Plant Extracts in Liver Diseases

__Influence of Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds, and Plant Extracts in Liver Diseases__ provides evidence-based knowledge of the mechanism of action of natural compounds, as well as the relation of structure and function of phytochemicals in hepatitis B and C, fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cancer, biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The effect of phytochemicals in the hepatotoxicity of drugs is also addressed. Written for health professionals seeking reliable and up-to-date information on the beneficial or toxic effects of natural compounds on liver disease, this book is sure to be a welcomed resource for nutritionists, food chemists, natural product researchers, pharmacists, medical doctors, and pharmacognosists alike. Front Matter Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Introduction References Hepatitis B Introduction Rheum palmatum L. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. Curcuma longa L. Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. Phyllanthus niruri L. Swertia patens Burkill Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. Role of natural compounds in ameliorating hepatitis B Terpenoids Lignans Phenolic acids Polyphenols Alkaloids Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of interest References Further reading Hepatitis C Introduction Etiology Signs and symptoms Genotypes and serotypes of HCV Diagnosis (serology, biopsy, and screening) Serology Screening tests Enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) The rapid test (point of care test) Confirmatory tests Biopsy Screening Prevention Treatment Hepatoprotective activity of natural compounds and plant extracts in Hepatitis C Silymarin Naringenin Quercetin ( −)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Luteolin and apigenin Honokiol 3-Hydroxy caruilignan C (3-HCL-C) Ladanein Plumbagin Corilagin Conclusion Conflict of interest References Alcoholic liver disease Introduction The cause and consequences of alcohol toxicity Alcohol metabolism and oxidative stress Genetic alterations in developing of alcoholic liver diseases The role of cytokines, chemokines, and adipocytokines in alcoholic liver disease Sex differences in alcohol sensitivity Alcohol as a depressant Complex treatment of alcohol disease Treatment of alcoholic liver diseases with vitamin supplements, nutrition, and medicaments with natural ingredi ... Some traditional herbal medicines in complex treatment of alcoholists: Favorable and adverse effects Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) Pueraria lobate Willd. (Ohwi kudzu) Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Danshen) Tabernanthe iboga H. Bn. (Ibogaine) Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (Ginseng) Piper methysticum G. Forst. (Kava) Morus nigra L. (mulberry) and Taraxacum coreanum Nakai (dandelion) Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Japanese raisin tree) Conclusions References Hepatoprotective activity of natural compounds and plant extracts in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis and progression Oxidative stress and lipotoxicity Mediterranean diet and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Natural compound effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Conclusions Acknowledgments References Liver cancer Introduction Classification of hepatic cancers Benign tumors Malignant tumors Causes of liver cancer Diagnosis Nuclear medical imaging Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Liver puncture biopsy Serological molecular markers for liver cancer Pathological diagnosis of liver cancer Prevention Treatment Glycyrrhizin Wogonin Resveratrol Curcumin Silymarin Rhein Naringenin Geniposide Salvianolic acid B (or magnesium lithospermate B, SAB) Oxymatrine (or kwoninone, OM) Tetrandrine Berberine Others Conclusion Conflict of interest References Chronic liver diseases Introduction Primary sclerosing cholangitis Hepatic steatosis Primary biliary cirrhosis Liver fibrosis The use of bioactive compounds and plant extracts in chronic liver diseases Nutritional support in CLD References Drug-induced hepatotoxicity Background Hepatotoxicity: An overview Drug metabolic pathways of the liver and hepatotoxicity Drug-induced hepatotoxicity: Mechanisms and risk factors Epidemiological aspects Hepatoprotective activity of natural compounds and plant extracts in drug-induced hepatotoxicity Conclusion References Influence of omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fats in liver diseases Introduction Chemistry and classification of omega fatty acids Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA Chemistry and classification of MUFA Sources of omega-3 fatty acids and MUFAs Metabolism of omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fats Role of omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fats in various liver diseases Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) Fibrosis Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Conclusion Conflict of interest References Influence of vitamins (C, B 3, D, and E) in liver health Introduction Vitamin C Vitamin B 3 (niacin) Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin combinations and liver health Conclusion References Influence of other nutrients (e.g., l -arginine, taurine, and choline) on liver diseases Introduction Liver diseases Arginine Structural characteristics and metabolism Functional links with the liver Evidence of hepatoprotective functions Taurine Chemical structure and biological functions Potential effects as a therapeutic agent Clinical studies linked to liver diseases Choline Its metabolites and dietary sources Aspects of its metabolism Clinical evidence of the effect on liver health Conclusions References Antioxidants with hepatoprotective activity Introduction Natural hepatoprotective agents Ursodeoxycholic acid Choline Betaine S ‐Adenosyl‐ l ‐methionine Melatonin Glutathione N -Acetylcysteine Minerals in antioxidant enzymes Vitamins E and C Lycopene Beta-carotene Silymarin Alpha-lipoic acid Coenzyme Q10 Curcumin Other natural antioxidants with hepatoprotective effects Synthetic hepatoprotectors with antioxidant activity Pentoxiyfylline Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Conclusion References Plant extracts with putative hepatoprotective activity Introduction Conclusion References Plant extracts with putative hepatotoxicity activity Introduction General concepts of hepatotoxicity Types of hepatotoxicity Idiosyncratic form of liver injury Intrinsic form of liver injury Causes of hepatotoxicity Hepatotoxicity induced by drugs Hepatotoxicity induced by viruses Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity Bile acid accumulation Activation of parenchymal cells Activation of nonparenchymal cells Hepatotoxicity induced by plant extracts and mushrooms Atractylis gummifera L. Morinda citrifolia L. Camellia sinensis L. Aloe vera L. Teucrium chamaedrys L. Chelidonium majus L. Piper methysticum G. Forst Larrea tridentata (Sess. & Moc. ex DC.) Cov. Mentha pulegium L. Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.: Fr.) Viscum album L. Xanthium strumarium L. Scutellaria biacalensis Georgi Callilepis laureola DC. Valeriana officinalis L. Hypericum perforatum L. Cascara sagrada DC. Cassia acutifolia Delile Actaea racemosa L. Echinaceae purpurea L. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z Influence of Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds, and Plant Extracts in Liver Diseases provides evidence-based knowledge of the mechanism of action of natural compounds, as well as the relation of structure and function of phytochemicals in hepatitis B and C, fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cancer, biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The effect of phytochemicals in the hepatotoxicity of drugs is also addressed. Written for health professionals seeking reliable and up-to-date information on the beneficial or toxic effects of natural compounds on liver disease, this book is sure to be a welcomed resource for nutritionists, food chemists, natural product researchers, pharmacists, medical doctors, and pharmacognosists alike. Explores the benefits of phytonutrients, especially those with a wide spectrum of biological activities Addresses various liver diseases, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cancer, biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis Provides reliable, up-to-date information on the natural compounds that have protective or toxic effects on liver diseases