Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team-E-Book

Front Cover 1 INFECTION CONTROL and Management of Hazard ous Materials for the Dental Team 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Preface 8 Contents 10 PART 1 THE MICROBIAL WORLD 14 CHAPTER 1 Scope of Microbiology and Infection Control 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 16 ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN INFECTION CONTROL 17 DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS AND INFECTION CONTROL PROCEDURES 17 IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES OF MICROORGANISMS 18 SELECTED READINGS 19 Review Questions 20 CHAPTER 2 Characteristics of Microorganisms 22 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 22 BACTERIA 23 VIRUSES 32 FUNGI 33 SELECTED READINGS 34 Review Questions 35 CHAPTER 3 Development of Infectious Diseases 38 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 38 STEPS IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT 39 HOST-MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS 42 SELECTED READINGS 46 Review Questions 47 CHAPTER 4 Emerging Diseases 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 50 ECOLOGICAL CHANGES 51 CHANGES IN HUMAN DEMOGRAPHICS OR BEHAVIORS 51 INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL AND COMMERCE 53 TECHNOLOGY 54 MICROBIAL CHANGES 55 BREAKDOWN IN PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES 55 UNEXPLAINED EMERGENCE 56 SELECTED READINGS 56 Review Questions 57 CHAPTER 5 Oral Microbiology and Plaque-Associated Diseases 58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 58 NORMAL ORAL MICROBIOTA 59 MICROBIOLOGY OF CARIES 59 MICROBIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES 62 PREVENTION OF PLAQUE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES 64 ACUTE DENTAL INFECTIONS 64 OTHER INFECTIONS 64 SELECTED READINGS 65 Review Questions 66 PART 2 INFECTION CONTROL 68 CHAPTER 6 Blood-Borne Pathogens 70 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 70 VIRAL HEPATITIS 71 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS DISEASE 76 SELECTED READINGS 80 Review Questions 82 CHAPTER 7 Oral and Respiratory Diseases 84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 84 ORAL DISEASES 85 SYSTEMIC DISEASES WITH ORAL LESIONS 88 RESPIRATORY DISEASES 88 WATERBORNE DISEASE AGENTS 92 SELECTED READINGS 93 Review Questions 94 CHAPTER 8 Infection Control Rationale and Regulations 96 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 97 RATIONALE FOR INFECTION CONTROL 98 RECOMMENDATIONS AND REGULATIONS 102 SUMMARY OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS STANDARD 104 SUMMARY OF THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION INFECTION CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DENTISTRY 112 SELECTED READINGS 115 Review Questions 117 CHAPTER 9 Immunization 118 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 118 TETANUS 119 INFLUENZA 122 HEPATITIS B 124 RISK OF MISSING AN IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY 126 SELECTED READINGS 126 Review Questions 127 CHAPTER 10 Protective Barriers 128 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 128 KEY TERMS 129 GLOVES 129 HAND HYGIENE 135 MASKS 137 PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR 139 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING 142 PLACING AND REMOVING BARRIERS 142 PROPERTIES OF HAND HYGIENE AGENTS AND BARRIERS 144 SELECTED READINGS 144 Review Questions 146 CHAPTER 11 Instrument Processing 148 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 149 STERILIZATION VERSUS DISINFECTION 149 INSTRUMENT PROCESSING PROCEDURES 151 DESIGN OF THE INSTRUMENT PROCESSING AREA 173 INSTRUMENT SHARPENING 173 INSTRUMENT PROTECTION 174 HANDPIECE ASEPSIS 175 STERILIZATION OF HEAT-LABILE ITEMS 176 OTHER METHODS OF STERILIZATION 176 PROPERTIES OF DECONTAMINATION AND STERILIZATION EQUIPMENT AND PRODUCTS 179 SELECTED READINGS 180 Review Questions 181 CHAPTER 12 Surface and Equipment Asepsis 184 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 184 TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES 185 SURFACE COVERS 185 PRECLEANING AND DISINFECTION 186 EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION 194 ASEPTIC DISTRIBUTION OF DENTAL SUPPLIES 197 SELECTED READINGS 197 Review Questions 198 CHAPTER 13 Dental Unit Water Asepsis 200 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 200 DENTAL UNIT WATER 201 PRESENCE OF MICROORGANISMS IN DENTAL UNIT WATER 201 TYPES AND IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS IN DENTAL UNIT WATER 201 BIOFILM IN DENTAL UNIT WATER LINES 204 NEED TO IMPROVE DENTAL UNIT WATER QUALITY 205 CURRENT INFECTION CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS 206 DENTAL UNIT WATER AND INFECTION CONTROL 208 APPROACHES TO IMPROVE DENTAL UNIT WATER QUALITY 208 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 210 BOIL WATER NOTICES 211 SELECTED READINGS 212 Review Questions 213 CHAPTER 14 Aseptic Techniques 214 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 214 TOUCHING OF AS FEW SURFACES AS POSSIBLE 215 MINIMIZATION OF DENTAL AEROSOLS AND SPATTER 215 HIGH-VOLUME EVACUATION 215 SALIVA EJECTOR 215 USE OF THE RUBBER DAM 216 PREPROCEDURE MOUTH RINSE 216 USE OF DISPOSABLES 217 HOUSEKEEPING AND CLEANING 217 OTHER ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES 218 SELECTED READINGS 218 Review Questions 219 CHAPTER 15 Laboratory and Radiographic Asepsis 220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 220 LABORATORY ASEPSIS 221 RADIOGRAPHIC ASEPSIS 224 SELECTED READINGS 226 Review Questions 228 CHAPTER 16 Waste Management 230 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 230 COMPREHENSIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN 231 TYPES OF WASTE 231 INFECTIOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 231 BLOOD IN A LIQUID OR SEMILIQUID FORM 232 PATHOGENIC WASTE (TEETH AND OTHER TISSUES) 233 SHARPS 233 RECORD KEEPING 234 SELECTED READINGS 235 Review Questions 236 CHAPTER 17 A Clinical Asepsis Protocol 238 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 238 BEFORE SEATING THE PATIENT 239 AFTER SEATING THE PATIENT 239 DURING PATIENT TREATMENT 240 AFTER PATIENT TREATMENT 240 RADIOGRAPHIC ASEPSIS 241 SELECTED READINGS 241 Review Questions 242 PART 3 OFFICE SAFETY 244 CHAPTER 18 About the Occupational Safety and Health Administration 246 LEARNING OBJCTIVES 246 MISSION OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION 247 PURPOSES OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION 247 COVERAGE OF THE ACT 247 STANDARDS 247 STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT 248 STATE SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMS 249 OSHA 2003-2008 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PLAN 249 STRATEGIC CHALLENGES 250 SELECTED READINGS 250 Review Quetions 251 CHAPTER 19 OSHA Inspections 252 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 252 ABOUT OSHA 253 INSPECTION PRIORITIES 253 APPLICABLE STANDARDS FOR DENTISTRY 253 WHAT DOES THE INSPECTION PROCESS INVOLVE? 254 WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF AN INSPECTION? 255 PROACTIVE THINKING 256 SELECTED READINGS 257 Review Questions 258 CHAPTER 20 Management of the Office Safety Program 260 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 260 SAFETY COORDINATOR 261 MANAGEMENT DUTIES 261 DEVELOPMENT OF STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES 262 EVALUATION OF THE INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM 264 CHECKLIST FOR THE INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM 264 SELECTED READINGS 269 Review Questions 270 CHAPTER 21 Medical Tourism 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 272 DEFINITION 273 HISTORY, DIMENSIONS, AND DESTINATIONS 273 SIGNIFCANT SAVINGS 273 DENTISTRY 273 AN OPERATION,NOT A VACATION 274 UNPROVEN TREATMENTS 274 CAVEAT EMPTOR 274 FUTURISTIC THINKING 275 SELECTED READINGS 275 Review Questions 276 CHAPTER 22 Managing Chemicals Safely 278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 278 HAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAM 279 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 279 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION 279 HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD 281 HAZARD DETERMINATION 282 WRITTEN HAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAM 284 INVENTORY AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS 287 LABELS AND OTHER FORMS OF WARNING 287 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS 288 EMPLOYEE INFORMATION AND TRAINING 291 TRADE SECRETS 292 HOW THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION SOLVES A PROBLEM 292 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS IN LABORATORIES 293 COMPLIANCE 293 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR WORKING WITH LABORATORY CHEMICALS 294 CHEMICAL HYGIENE RESPONSIBILITIES 295 LABORATORY FACILITIES 295 CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN 295 WORKING WITH CHEMICALS 297 SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS 297 SELECTED READINGS 297 Review Questions 298 CHAPTER 23 Greener Infection Control 300 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 300 DEFINITIONS OF INFECTION CONTROL 301 TENETS OF INFECTION CONTROL 301 A DIFFERING OPERATING PARADYMN 301 ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT—POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, OR NEUTRAL 302 EVALUATING SPECIFIC INFECTION CONTROL PROCEDURES 302 FUTURIST THINKING 303 SELECTED READINGS 303 Review Questions 304 CHAPTER 24 Employee Fire Prevention and Emergency Action Plans 306 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 306 29 CFR Parts 1910.38 and 1910.39 307 FIRE PREVENTION PLANS 307 EMERGENCY ACTION PLANS 308 ALCOHOL-BASED HAND RUB SOLUTIONS 312 SELECTED READINGS 312 Review Questions 313 CHAPTER 25 Infection Control Concerns During Remodeling or Construction 314 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 314 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 315 STRATEGIC PLANNING 315 MAKING CONSTRUCTION POLICY 316 CONSTRUCTION AND REMODELING 316 MOVING IN 317 SELECTED READINGS 317 Review Questions 318 APPENDIX A Infection Control and Hazardous Materials Management Resource List 320 APPENDIX B Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health–Care Settings—2003 322 APPENDIX C Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Prevention of Tuberculosis in Dental Settings 332 APPENDIX D Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures 336 APPENDIX E Exposure Incident Report 338 APPENDIX F Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996* 340 APPENDIX G Infection Control and the American Dental Association (ADA) 342 APPENDIX H The Occupational Safety and Health Administration Bloodborne Pathogens Standard* 344 GLOSSARY 356 Index 368 Maintain safety and infection control in the dental office with Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team, Fourth Edition. This practical and comprehensive resource covers the basic concepts of infectious disease and infection control, including step-by-step descriptions of specific procedures and supplies and equipment needed for disease prevention. The Fourth Edition features new chapters on the latest topics impacting office safety and the most current regulatory recommendations for protection of dental patients and dental workers. No matter what your role on the dental team, this text will help you implement infection control in everyday practice.Follows dental curricula requirements for infection control Subject matter is organized logically, making it easier to successfully comprehend the material. Tables are used throughout the text to highlight similarities and differences among related topics; boxes draw your attention to the information you need to remember most. Line drawings and photos show the latest equipment, supplies, and procedures. Selected readings at the end of each chapter provide sources of further information on the topics discussed. The Glossary defines all key terms in one convenient place. The Resource List includes organizations, federal agencies, and website addresses to help you stay current on rapidly changing topics. An account of the first reported patient-to-patient spread of the hepatitis B virus in a dental officeA detailed description of the three types of steam sterilizers including the newest type B office model vacuum sterilizerInformation on the wipe-discard-wipe approach to surface disinfectionNEW chapter on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) helps you understand OSHA standards and know how to respond in the event of an inspection. Two new tables on office safety management: Measure the Effectiveness of an Infection Control Program and Examples of What to Evaluate in a Dental Office Infection Control Evaluation ProgramNEW chapter on medical tourism looks at the practice of traveling internationally to obtain health careNEW chapter on greener infection control addresses the impact that infection control procedures can have on the environment and provides suggestions for developing a more eco-friendly program. Addition of Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis In Health-Care Settings, 2005, Dental-Care Settings ExcerptA new accompanying EVOLVE site provides a variety of learning resources, including answers for the Review Questions found at the end of each chapter and a printable version of the Exposure Incident Report. From the Publisher: How do you control the spread of disease agents and maintain safety in the dental office? This comprehensive text describes the safety procedures you need to follow. A practical resource for the entire dental team, the third edition of this text reflects the new laws and recommendations for the protection of dental patients and dental workers and shows how these can be addressed in everyday dental practice "How do you control the spread of disease agents and maintain safety in the dental office? This comprehensive text describes the safety procedures you need to follow. A practical resource for the entire dental team, the third edition of this text reflects the new laws and recommendations for the protection of dental patients and dental workers and shows how these can be addressed in everyday dental practice."--BOOK JACKET.