Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood [RENTAL EDITION]

This print textbook is available for students to rent for their classes. The Pearson print rental program provides students with affordable access to learning materials, so they come to class ready to succeed. For courses in Child Development that take a chronological approach Leading the Child Development market for over 25 years Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood is relied on in classrooms worldwide for its clear, engaging writing style, exceptional multicultural and cross-cultural focus, first-rate coverage of developmental neuroscience, rich examples, and long-standing commitment to presenting the most up-to-date scholarship. Renowned professor, researcher, and author Laura Berk takes an integrated approach to presenting development in the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social domains, emphasizing the complex interchanges between heredity and environment, and offering research-based, practical applications that students can relate to their personal and professional lives. The 9th Edition ’s extensive revision strengthens the connections among developmental domains and brings forth the most recent scholarship, representing the changing field of child development. Available as a print textbook to rent or via RevelTM Revel is Pearson’s newest, fully digital method of delivering course content. A less expensive alternative to the printed textbook, Revel is an immersive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience. Cover Brief Contents Title Page Copyright Page About the Author Features at a Glance Content A Personal Note to Students Preface for Instructors PART 1: Theory and Research in Child Development Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies The Field of Child Development Domains of Development Periods of Development Basic Issues Continuous or Discontinuous Development? One Course of Development or Many? Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture? A Balanced Point of View Biology and Environment | Resilient Children Historical Foundations Medieval Times The Reformation Philosophies of the Enlightenment Scientific Beginnings Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories The Psychoanalytic Perspective Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Recent Theoretical Perspectives Information Processing Developmental Neuroscience Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Psychology Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Ecological Systems Theory Development as a Dynamic System Social Issues: Health | Family Chaos Undermines Children’s Well-Being Comparing Child Development Theories Studying the Child Common Research Methods Cultural Influences | Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land General Research Designs Designs for Studying Development Improving Developmental Designs Ethics in Research on Children Summary Important Terms and Concepts PART 2: Foundations of Development Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations Genetic Foundations The Genetic Code The Sex Cells Sex Determination Multiple Offspring Patterns of Gene–Gene Interaction Chromosomal Abnormalities Reproductive Choices Social Issues: Health | The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies Genetic Counseling Prenatal Diagnosis Adoption Environmental Contexts for Development The Family Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning Social Issues: Education | Worldwide Education of Girls: Transforming Current and Future Generations Affluence Poverty Beyond the Family: Neighborhoods and Schools The Cultural Context Cultural Influences | Familism Promotes Competence in Hispanic Children and Youths Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment The Question, “How Much?” The Question, “How?” Biology and Environment | The Tutsi Genocide and Epigenetic Transmission of Maternal Stress to Children Summary Important Terms and Concepts Chapter 3 Prenatal Development Motivations for Parenthood Why Have Children? How Large a Family? Is There a Best Time During Adulthood to Have a Child? Prenatal Development Conception Germinal Period Period of the Embryo Period of the Fetus Prenatal Environmental Influences Teratogens Biology and Environment | Self-Regulation Therapy for Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Other Maternal Factors Social Issues: Health | The Nurse–Family Partnership: Reducing Maternal Stress and Enhancing Child Development Through Social Support The Importance of Prenatal Health Care Cultural Influences | Culturally Sensitive Prenatal Health Care: Perspectives of Expectant Mothers Summary Important Terms and Concepts Chapter 4 Birth and the Newborn Baby The Stages of Childbirth Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement of the Cervix Stage 2: Delivery of the Baby Stage 3: Birth of the Placenta The Baby’s Adaptation to Labor and Delivery The Newborn Baby’s Appearance Assessing the Newborn’s Physical Condition: The Apgar Scale Approaches to Childbirth Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth Home Delivery Medical Interventions Fetal Monitoring Labor and Delivery Medication Instrument Delivery Cesarean Delivery Birth Complications Oxygen Deprivation Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants Birth Complications, Parenting, and Resilience Cultural Influences | A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Reflexes States Social Issues: Health | The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sensory Capacities Neonatal Behavioral Assessment The Transition to Parenthood Early Parent–Infant Contact Changes in the Family System Biology and Environment | Parental Depression and Child Development Single-Mother Families Parent Interventions Summary Important Terms and Concepts PART 3: Infancy and Toddlerhood: The First Two Years Chapter 5 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Body Growth Changes in Body Size and Muscle–Fat Makeup Changes in Body Proportions Individual and Group Differences Brain Development Development of Neurons Measures of Brain Functioning Development of the Cerebral Cortex Sensitive Periods in Brain Development Biology and Environment | Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Children with Brain Injury Changing States of Arousal Cultural Influences | Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements Influences on Early Physical Growth Heredity Nutrition Social Issues: Health | Lead Exposure and Children’s Development Malnutrition Emotional Well-Being Learning Capacities Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Habituation Statistical Learning Imitation Motor Development The Sequence of Motor Development Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems Fine-Motor Development: Reaching and Grasping Perceptual Development Hearing Biology and Environment | “Tuning in” to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning Vision Object Perception Intermodal Perception Understanding Perceptual Development Summary Important Terms and Concepts Chapter 6 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Piaget’s Ideas About Cognitive Change The Sensorimotor Stage Follow-Up Research on Infant Cognitive Development Social Issues: Eduction | Baby Learning from Screen Media: The Video Deficit Effect Evaluation of the Sensorimotor Stage Information Processing Assumptions of the Information-Processing Perspective Attention Memory Categorization Biology and Environment | Infantile Amnesia Evaluation of Information-Processing Findings The Social Context of Early Cognitive Development Individual Differences in Early Mental Development Cultural Influences | Social Origins of Make-Believe Play Infant and Toddler Intelligence Tests Early Environment and Mental Development Early Intervention for At-Risk Infants and Toddlers Language Development Theories of Language Development Biology and Environment | Thiamine Deficiency in the First Year and Later Language Impairment Getting Ready to Talk First Words The Two-Word Utterance Phase Individual and Cultural Differences Supporting Early Language Development Summary Important Terms and Concepts Chapter 7 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Emotional Development Basic Emotions Understanding and Responding to the Emotions of Others Emergence of Self-Conscious Emotions Beginnings of Emotional Self-Regulation Temperament and Development The Structure of Temperament Measuring Temperament Stability of Temperament Biology and Environment | Development of Shyness and Sociability Genetic and Environmental Influences Temperament and Child Rearing: The Goodness-of-Fit Model Development of Attachment Bowlby’s Ethological Theory Measuring the Security of Attachment Stability of Attachment Cultural Variations Factors That Affect Attachment Security Multiple Attachments Social Issues: Health | Does Child Care in Infancy Threaten Attachment Security and Later Adjustment? Cultural Influences | The Role of Fathers’ Involvement in Children’s Development From Attachment to Peer Sociability Attachment and Later Development Self-Development Self-Awareness Categorizing the Self Self-Control Summary Important Terms and Concepts Milestones: Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood PART 4: Early Childhood: Two to Six Years Chapter 8 Physical Development in Early Childhood A Changing Body and Brain Skeletal Growth Brain Development Influences on Physical Growth and Health Biology and Environment | Childhood Poverty and Brain Development Heredity and Hormones Sleep Habits and Problems Nutrition Infectious Disease Childhood Injuries Social Issues: Health | Otitis Media and Development Motor Development Gross-Motor Development Fine-Motor Development Cultural Influences | Why Are Children from Asian Cultures Advanced in Drawing Skills? Individual Differences in Motor Skills Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development Summary Important Terms and Concepts Chapter 9 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Piaget’s Theory: The Preoperational Stage Advances in Mental Representation Make-Believe Play Symbol–Real-World Relations Limitations of Preoperational Thought Follow-Up Research on Preoperational Thought Social Issues: Education | Children’s Gestures Facilitate Cognitive Change Evaluation of the Preoperational Stage Piaget and Education Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Private Speech Social Origins of Early Childhood Cognition Vygotsky and Early Childhood Education Evaluation of Vygotsky’s Theory Cultural Influences | Children in Village and Tribal Cultures Observe and Participate in Adult Work Information Processing Executive Function Memory Problem Solving The Young Child’s Theory of Mind Early Literacy and Mathematical Development Biology and Environment | Autism and Theory of Mind Individual Differences in Mental Development Early Childhood Intelligence Tests Home Environment and Mental Development Preschool, Kindergarten, and Child Care Social Issues: Education | Teaching Through Guided Play Educational Screen Media Language Development Vocabulary Grammar Conversation Supporting Language Learning in Early Childhood Summary Important Terms and Concepts Chapter 10 Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood Self-Understanding Foundations of Self-Concept Emergence of Self-Esteem Cultural Influences | Cultural Variations in Personal Storytelling: Implications for Early Self-Concept Emotional Development Understanding Emotion Emotional Self-Regulation Self-Conscious Emotions Empathy and Sympathy Peer Relations Advances in Peer Sociability First Friendships Peer Relations and School Readiness Social Problem Solving Parental Influences on Early Peer Relations Foundations of Morality and Aggression The Psychoanalytic Perspective Social Learning Theory Cultural Influences | Ethnic Differences in the Consequences of Physical Punishment The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective Development of Aggression Gender Typing Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs and Behaviors Biological Influences on Gender Typing Environmental Influences on Gender Typing Gender Identity Biology and Environment | Transgender Children Reducing Gender Stereotyping in Young Children Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development Styles of Child Rearing What Makes Authoritative Child Rearing Effective? Cultural Variations Child Maltreatment Summary Important Terms and Concepts Milestones: Development in Early Childhood PART 5: Middle Childhood: Six to Eleven Years Chapter 11 Physical Development in Middle Childhood Body Growth Worldwide Variations in Body Size Secular Trends in Physical Growth Skeletal Growth Brain Development Health Issues Nutrition Overweight and Obesity Social Issues: Health | Family Stressors and Childhood Obesity Vision and Hearing Bedwetting Illnesses Unintentional Injuries Health Education Motor Development and Play Gross-Motor Development Fine-Motor Development Individual Differences in Motor Skills Games with Rules Adult-Organized Youth Sports Shadows of Our Evolutionary Past Physical Education Social Issues: Education | School Recess—A Time to Play, a Time to Learn Summary Important Terms and Concepts Chapter 12 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Piaget’s Theory: The Concrete Operational Stage Attainments of the Concrete Operational Stage Limitations of Concrete Operational Thought Follow-Up Research on Concrete Operational Thought Evaluation of the Concrete Operational Stage Information Processing Executive Function Biology and Environment | Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Memory Strategies Knowledge and Memory Culture, Schooling, and Memory Strategies The School-Age Child’s Theory of Mind Cognitive Self-Regulation Applications of Information Processing to Academic Learning Individual Differences in Mental Development Defining and Measuring Intelligence Other Efforts to Define Intelligence Explaining Individual and Group Differences in IQ Cultural Influences | The Flynn Effect: Massive Generational Gains in IQ Reducing Cultural Bias in Testing Language Development Vocabulary and Grammar Pragmatics Learning Two Languages Children’s Learning in School Educational Philosophies Teacher–Student Interaction Grouping Practices Social Issues: Education | Magnet Schools: Equal Access to High-Quality Education Educational Screen Media Teaching Children with Special Needs How Well-Educated Are U.S. Children? Summary Important Terms and Concepts Chapter 13 Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood Self-Understanding Self-Concept Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Influences on Self-Concept Self-Esteem Influences on Self-Esteem Emotional Development Self-Conscious Emotions Emotional Understanding Emotional Self-Regulation Moral Development Moral and Social-Conventional Understanding Understanding Individual Rights Culture and Moral Understanding Understanding Diversity and Inequality Peer Relations Peer Groups Friendships Peer Acceptance Biology and Environment | Bullies and Their Victims Gender Typing Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs Gender Identity and Behavior Family Influences Parent–Child Relationships Siblings Only Children Lesbian and Gay Families Never-Married Parent Families Divorce Blended Families Maternal Employment and Dual-Earner Families Some Common Problems of Development Fears and Anxieties Child Sexual Abuse Cultural Influences | Impact of Ethnic and Political Violence on Children Fostering Resilience in Middle Childhood Social Issues: Health | Children’s Eyewitness Testimony Summary Important Terms and Concepts Milestones: Development in Middle Childhood Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z References A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Name Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Subject Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book. For courses in Child Development that take a chronological approach Leading the Child Development market for over 25 years RevelTM Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood is relied on in classrooms worldwide for its clear, engaging writing style, exceptional multicultural and cross-cultural focus, first-rate coverage of developmental neuroscience, rich examples, and long-standing commitment to presenting the most up-to-date scholarship. Renowned professor, researcher, and author Laura Berk takes an integrated approach to presenting development in the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social domains, emphasizing the complex interchanges between heredity and environment, and offering research-based, practical applications that students can relate to their personal and professional lives. The 9th Edition’s extensive revision strengthens the connections among developmental domains and brings forth the most recent scholarship, representing the changing field of child development. Revel is Pearson’s newest, fully digital method of delivering course content. A less expensive alternative to the printed textbook, Revel is an immersive learning environment that enables students to read, practice, and study in one continuous experience. NOTE: Revel is a fully digital delivery of Pearson content. This ISBN is for the standalone Revel access card. In addition to this access card, you will need a course invite link, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Revel.