Indoor Thermal Comfort Perception: A Questionnaire Approach Focusing on Children (Springerbriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)

Providing A Methodology For Evaluating Indoor Thermal Comfort With A Focus On Children, This Book Presents An In-depth Examination Of Children’s Perceptions Of Comfort. Divided Into Two Sections, It First Presents A History Of Thermal Comfort, The Human Body And Environmental Parameters, Common Thermal Comfort Indexes, And Guidelines For Creating Questionnaires To Assess Children’s Perceptions Of Indoor Thermal Comfort. It Then Describes Their Understanding Of The Concepts Of Comfort And Energy, And The Factors That Influence That Perception. In This Context, It Takes Into Account The Psychological And Pedagogical Aspects Of Thermal Comfort Judgment, As Well As Architectural And Environmental Characteristics, And Equips Readers With The Knowledge Needed To Effectively Investigate Children’s Perspectives On Environmental Ergonomics. The Research Field Of Indoor Thermal Comfort Adopts, On The One Hand, Physical Parameter Measurements And Comfort Indexes (e.g.^ Predicted Mean Vote (pmv) Or Adaptive Comfort), And On The Other, An Ergonomic Assessment In The Form Of Questionnaires. However The Latter Can Offer Only Limited Insights Into The Issue Of Comfort, As Children Often Use Different Terms Than Adults To Convey Their Experience Of Thermal Comfort. The Books Aims To Address This Lack Of Understanding With Regard To Children’s Perceptions Of Indoor Thermal Comfort. The Book Is Intended For Hvac Engineers And Researchers, Architects And Researchers Interested In Thermal Comfort And The Built Environment. It Also Provides A Useful Resource For Environmental Psychologists, Medical And Cognitive Researchers. Psychological And Pedagogical Aspects Of Thermal Comfort Judgment, As Well As Architectural And Environmental Characteristics, And Equips Readers With The Knowledge Needed To Effectively Investigate Children’s Perspectives On Environmental Ergonomics.^ The Research Field Of Indoor Thermal Comfort Adopts, On The One Hand, Physical Parameter Measurements And Comfort Indexes (e.g. Predicted Mean Vote (pmv) Or Adaptive Comfort), And On The Other, An Ergonomic Assessment In The Form Of Questionnaires. However The Latter Can Offer Only Limited Insights Into The Issue Of Comfort, As Children Often Use Different Terms Than Adults To Convey Their Experience Of Thermal Comfort. The Books Aims To Address This Lack Of Understanding With Regard To Children’s Perceptions Of Indoor Thermal Comfort. The Book Is Intended For Hvac Engineers And Researchers, Architects And Researchers Interested In Thermal Comfort And The Built Environment. It Also Provides A Useful Resource For Environmental Psychologists, Medical And Cognitive Researchers. Introduction -- A Brief History Of Thermal Comfort: From Effective Temperature To Adaptive Thermal Comfort -- Ergonomics Of The Thermal Environment. Human Body And Clothes -- The Indices Of Feeling – Predicted Mean Vote Pmv And Percentage People Dissatisfied Ppd -- Assessment Of The Influence Of The Thermal Environment Using Subjective Judgement Scales -- The Thermal Comfort And Child Development Psychology -- Field Research -- Kindergarten Case Study -- Elementary School Case Study -- Middle School Case Study -- Conclusions. By Kristian Fabbri. Contents 6 Part IThermal Comfort and Children ThermalCognitive Knowledge 11 1 Introduction 12 Abstract 12 1.1 Why This Book? 12 1.2 How to Read This Book 14 2 A Brief History of Thermal Comfort: From Effective Temperature to Adaptive Thermal Comfort 15 Abstract 15 2.1 The Discipline of Comfort 15 2.2 The Beginnings A.P. Gagge and the Military Requirements 16 2.3 The Revolution of Povl Ole Fanger: Evaluating the Thermal Sensation 19 2.4 The Last Frontier: The Adaptive Thermal Comfort 29 References 29 3 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment. Human Body and Clothes 32 Abstract 32 3.1 What About Thermal Comfort 32 3.2 The Human Body (Physiology) 34 3.2.1 Human Thermal Physiological Models 36 3.2.2 Human Sense and Thermal-Regulatory 36 3.2.3 The Core Temperature and Skin Temperature Model 39 3.3 The Modelling of the Human Body: Body Heat Balance Equation 40 3.3.1 Internal Heat Production---Metabolism (met) 43 3.3.1.1 Metabolic Rate 44 3.3.1.2 Dubois Area 47 3.3.1.3 The Oxygen and Carbon Dioxine Consumption Rate 47 3.3.2 Heat Loss by Skin Diffusion (Ed) 50 3.3.3 Latent Respiration (Ere) and Dry Respiration Heat Loss (L) 52 3.3.4 Heat Conduction Through the Clothing (K) 53 3.3.5 Heat Loss by Radiation (R) 54 3.3.6 Heat Loss by Convection (C) 55 3.3.7 Heat Balance Equation (Thermal Comfort Equation) 56 3.4 Resistence of Clothing 58 3.5 Indoor Microclimate: The Building Parameters 67 3.5.1 Operating Temperature 70 3.6 Comfort and Health in Indoor Environment: Indoor Air Quality 72 3.6.1 The Perception of IAQ Pollutants 75 3.6.1.1 Human Pollution: Olf and Decipol 76 3.6.1.2 Human Pollution: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 78 References 79 4 The Indices of Feeling---Predicted Mean Vote PMV and Percentage People Dissatisfied PPD 82 Abstract 82 4.1 The Research to Measure Comfort 82 4.2 The Comfort Indexes 84 4.2.1 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) 85 4.2.2 Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied Index (PPD) 86 4.2.3 The Physiological Equivalent Temperature Index (PET) 86 4.2.4 Relative Strain Index (RSI) 87 4.2.5 Actual Sensation Vote (ASV) 88 4.2.6 Discomfort Index (DI) or Thom Index 88 4.2.7 Effective Temperature (ET), Temperature Equivalent Perception (PET) and Equivalent Temperature (Teq) 89 4.2.8 Operative Temperature (OT) 90 4.2.9 Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) 91 4.3 The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) According to the Standard ISO 7730 91 4.4 Local Discomfort 94 4.4.1 Comfort Diagrams 99 4.5 Thermal Environmental Condition form Human Occupancy Following ASHRAE Standard 55-2014 100 4.6 Ergonomics of Thermal Environment and People with Special Requirements 105 4.7 The Instruments of Measurement of the Indoor Microclimate 108 4.8 Adaptive Thermal Comfort 115 4.9 Indoor Air Quality Assessment 119 4.9.1 The CO2 Concentration as an Indicator of Indoor Pollution Due to the Occupants 122 4.9.2 Pollutant Sources 123 4.9.3 Methods of Expressing the IAQ for Human Occupancy 125 4.10 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Assessment 125 4.10.1 Methodologies for Subjective Evaluations 127 4.11 Conclusions 128 References 128 5 Assessment of the Influence of the Thermal Environment Using Subjective Judgement Scales 133 Abstract 133 5.1 The Use of Questionnaires in Scientific Literature 133 5.2 The Use of Questionnaires in Social Research Methods 136 5.3 Assessment Using Subjective Judgement Scale: Standard Approach 141 5.4 Statistical Representation of the Questionnaires 147 5.4.1 Questionnaire Design and the Relationship Between Questions and Variables Measurable by Instrumentation 148 References 152 6 The Thermal Comfort and Child Development Psychology 154 Abstract 154 6.1 Child Development and Indoor Environment 154 6.2 The Child Developmental Psychology (a Brief) 157 6.2.1 The Research Instruments 158 6.2.2 The Development Process 159 6.2.3 How Children Think. Information Processing 161 6.2.4 The Language 162 6.2.5 Child and Environment 163 6.2.5.1 The Emotions 163 6.2.5.2 Identity Development 165 6.2.6 Child and Social Context 167 6.2.6.1 The Family 167 6.2.6.2 Peers 167 6.2.6.3 The School 168 6.3 Children's Sensitivity of Thermal Comfort, a Child's Point of View 169 6.3.1 The Conduct of the Questionnaire and Affectivity 171 6.3.2 The Educational Context: The Space that Educates 173 6.3.2.1 Educational Role of Space 174 6.4 The Pedagogical Models 176 6.5 How to Make a Questionnaire for Children 179 References 182 Part IICase Studies 184 7 Field Research 185 Abstract 185 7.1 Objectives of the Case Studies of the Second Part 185 7.2 The Research Methodology 186 7.2.1 Quantitative and Objective Approach (QOA) 187 7.2.2 Qualitative and Subjective Approach (QSA) 188 7.2.3 Comparison of the Results of the Two Approaches 189 7.3 The Italian Educational System 190 References 192 8 Kindergarten Case Study 194 Abstract 194 8.1 The Kindergarten Diana Case Study in Reggio Emilia 194 8.1.1 The Children Age 3--5 (Later Infancy) 196 8.1.2 The Pedagogical Model of the Diana Kindergarten 198 8.2 The Research Activity 199 8.2.1 The Discussion Stage with the Children to Find Matching Symbols 204 8.2.2 The Design and Representation on the Board 206 8.2.3 Questionnaire Submission (Order of the Questionnaire---The Day) 210 8.3 The Monitoring of Indoor Microclimate and IAQ 213 8.4 The Results of the Research 216 8.4.1 The Reference Entity 217 8.4.2 Results of the Monitoring Campaign and Questionnaire 217 8.4.3 Thermal Comfort Results---Discussion 221 8.5 Indoor Air Quality 224 8.6 Conclusions 228 Acknowledgments 231 Annex 1---Transcript of Conversations Before and During the Search of the Symbols 232 Annex 2---Prepared Drawings 242 Annex 3 Questionnaire Results 245 References 249 9 Elementary School Case Study 251 Abstract 251 9.1 The Case Study of the Elementary School Centro Educativo Italio Svizzero C.E.I.S 251 9.1.1 The Building 252 9.1.2 The Children Age 6--10 (Elementary School) 254 9.1.3 The Pedagogical Model of C.E.I.S 255 9.2 The Research Activity 257 9.2.1 Questionnaire Submission (Sequence of the Questionnaire---the Day) 257 9.2.1.1 The Oral Approach (Explanation) and the Correlation with the Images---Fifth Classes 258 9.2.1.2 The Chromatic Approach/Sensitive---Third Classes 263 9.3 Monitoring with Microclimate Datalogger and Probe 267 9.4 Questionnaire Results 271 9.5 Conclusions 277 Acknowledgements 278 10 Middle School Case Study 279 Abstract 279 10.1 The Case Study Middle School Tito Maccio Plauto 279 10.1.1 The Building 280 10.1.2 The Children Aged 11--14 Pre---adolescence 281 10.2 The Questionnaire 282 10.2.1 First Survey Campaign Following `School of the Future' Questionnaire 282 10.2.2 Second Survey Campaign Following Our Questionnaire 285 10.2.2.1 The research: Questionnaire submit (administration) 288 10.2.2.2 Monitoring activities: thermal comfort and Indoor Air Quality 289 10.2.3 The Measurement Activity: Natural and Artificial Lighting 292 10.3 Questionnaire Results 293 10.4 Conclusions 298 Acknowledgements 299 ANNEX---Results 299 Reference 302 11 Conclusions 303 Abstract 303 11.1 Why I Wrote This Book 303 11.2 And Now? 304 Providing a methodology for evaluating indoor thermal comfort with a focus on children, this book presents an in-depth examination of childrenĺls perceptions of comfort. Divided into two sections, it first presents a history of thermal comfort, the human body and environmental parameters, common thermal comfort indexes, and guidelines for creating questionnaires to assess childrenĺls perceptions of indoor thermal comfort. It then describes their understanding of the concepts of comfort and energy, and the factors that influence that perception. In this context, it takes into account the psychological and pedagogical aspects of thermal comfort judgment, as well as architectural and environmental characteristics, and equips readers with the knowledge needed to effectively investigate childrenĺls perspectives on environmental ergonomics. ℗l The research field of indoor thermal comfort adopts, on the one hand, physical parameter measurements and comfort indexes (e.g.^Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) or adaptive comfort), and on the other, an ergonomic assessment in the form of questionnaires. However the latter can offer only limited insights into the issue of comfort, as children often use different terms than adults to convey their experience of thermal comfort. The books aims to address this lack of understanding with regard to childrenĺls perceptions of indoor thermal comfort. ℗l The book is intended for HVAC engineers and researchers, architects and researchers interested in thermal comfort and the built environment. It also provides a useful resource for environmental psychologists, medical and cognitive researchers. psychological and pedagogical aspects of thermal comfort judgment, as well as architectural and environmental characteristics, and equips readers with the knowledge needed to effectively investigate childrenĺls perspectives on environmental ergonomics.^℗l The research field of indoor thermal comfort adopts, on the one hand, physical parameter measurements and comfort indexes (e.g. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) or adaptive comfort), and on the other, an ergonomic assessment in the form of questionnaires. However the latter can offer only limited insights into the issue of comfort, as children often use different terms than adults to convey their experience of thermal comfort. The books aims to address this lack of understanding with regard to childrenĺls perceptions of indoor thermal comfort. ℗l The book is intended for HVAC engineers and researchers, architects and researchers interested in thermal comfort and the built environment. It also provides a useful resource for environmental psychologists, medical and cognitive researchers Providing a methodology for evaluating indoor thermal comfort with a focus on children, this book presents an in-depth examination of childrens perceptions of comfort. Divided into two sections, it first presents a history of thermal comfort, the human body and environmental parameters, common thermal comfort indexes, and guidelines for creating questionnaires to assess childrens perceptions of indoor thermal comfort. It then describes their understanding of the concepts of comfort and energy, and the factors that influence that perception. In this context, it takes into account the psychological and pedagogical aspects of thermal comfort judgment, as well as architectural and environmental characteristics, and equips readers with the knowledge needed to effectively investigate childrens perspectives on environmental ergonomics. The research field of indoor thermal comfort adopts, on the one hand, physical parameter measurements and comfort indexes (e.g. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) or adaptive comfort), and on the other, an ergonomic assessment in the form of questionnaires. However the latter can offer only limited insights into the issue of comfort, as children often use different terms than adults to convey their experience of thermal comfort. The books aims to address this lack of understanding with regard to childrens perceptions of indoor thermal comfort. The book is intended for HVAC engineers and researchers, architects and researchers interested in thermal comfort and the built environment. It also provides a useful resource for environmental psychologists, medical and cognitive researchers. psychological and pedagogical aspects of thermal comfort judgment, as well as architectural and environmental characteristics, and equips readers with the knowledge needed to effectively investigate childrens perspectives on environmental ergonomics. The research field of indoor thermal comfort adopts, on the one hand, physical parameter measuremen ts and comfort indexes (e.g. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) or adaptive comfort), and on the other, an ergonomic assessment in the form of questionnaires. However the latter can offer only limited insights into the issue of comfort, as children often use different terms than adults to convey their experience of thermal comfort. The books aims to address this lack of understanding with regard to childrens perceptions of indoor thermal comfort. The book is intended for HVAC engineers and researchers, architects and researchers interested in thermal comfort and the built environment. It also provides a useful resource for environmental psychologists, medical and cognitive researchers Front Matter....Pages i-xi Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Introduction....Pages 3-5 A Brief History of Thermal Comfort: From Effective Temperature to Adaptive Thermal Comfort....Pages 7-23 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment. Human Body and Clothes....Pages 25-74 The Indices of Feeling—Predicted Mean Vote PMV and Percentage People Dissatisfied PPD....Pages 75-125 Assessment of the Influence of the Thermal Environment Using Subjective Judgement Scales....Pages 127-147 The Thermal Comfort and Child Development Psychology....Pages 149-178 Front Matter....Pages 179-179 Field Research....Pages 181-189 Kindergarten Case Study....Pages 191-247 Elementary School Case Study....Pages 249-276 Middle School Case Study....Pages 277-300 Conclusions....Pages 301-302