Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans : A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes

“Gamkrelidze and Ivanov’s wide-ranging and interdisciplinary work, superbly translated from Russian, is a must for every student of Indo-European prehistory. Its erudition is unsurpassed, and its unorthodox conclusions are a continuing challenge.” __Prof. Dr. Martin Haspelmath, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie__ The authors propose a revision of views on a number of central issues of Indo-European studies. Based on findings of typology, they suggest a new analysis of the phonological system of Proto-Indo-European (the ‘Glottalic Theory’); they offer novel assumptions about the relative chronology of changes in PIE vowels and laryngeals. Their conclusions are compared with data from Proto-Kartvelian. In the second part of the book, semantically organized presentation of material from the lexicon is combined with analyses of the use of forms and formulae in a broadly defined cultural context. Again similarities with properties of primarily Kartvelian and Semitic are described , and extended close contacts with these language families are postulated. This necessarily leads to a proposal to place the hypothetical Urheimat of the Indo-Europeans in the region south of the Caucasus. Volume and II of the original Russian edition have been combined in the English version as Part I; the Bibliography and Indexes are published as Part II. Prefaces and Foreword 7 Detailed contents 27 The languages and their written sources 61 Transliteration 73 Abbreviations and sources 79 Introduction — The linguistic system and the premises of diachronic linguistics 87 Part One The Structure of Proto-Indo-European 107 Section One: The Phonological System and Morphophonology of Proto-Indo-European 109 Chapter One — The three Indo-European stop series: Paradigmatics and syntagmatics 111 Chapter Two — The Indo-European points of stop articulation and the Indo-European sibilants: Paradigmatics and syntagmatics 177 Chapter Three — The vowel system and the theory of morphophonological alternations. Sonants and laryngeals in Indo-European 237 Chapter Four — The structure of the Indo-European root 291 Section Two: The Grammatical Structure of Proto-Indo-European 337 Chapter Five — Proto-Indo-European as a language of the active type 339 Chapter Six — The grammatical syntagmatics of Proto-Indo-European in typological perspective 383 Section Three: The Areal Organization of Proto-Indo-European 429 Chapter Seven — The differentiation of the Indo-European linguistic region 431 Part Two Semantic Dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European Lan¬guage and Reconstruction of the Indo-European Proto- Culture 485 Introduction — Methods for reconstructing the semantic dictionary of a protolanguage and the linguistic paleontology of culture 487 Section One: Semantic Dictionary of Proto-Indo-European 493 Chapter One — The living world: Gods, people, animals 495 Chapter Two — Indo-European conceptions of wild animals, and names for them 521 Chapter Three — Indo-European terms for domestic animals. The economic functions of animals and their ritual and cultic role among the early Indo-Europeans 571 Chapter Four — Indo-European plant names. Uses of plants; their ritual and cultic functions in ancient Indo-European culture 633 Chapter Five — Geographical environment and climate. The Indo-European terms for heavenly bodies 681 Chapter Six — Economic activity, material culture, crafts, transportation 701 Chapter Seven — The social organization, economy, and kinship system of the ancient Indo-Europeans 751 Chapter Eight — The connection of ancient social organization with intel¬lectual constructs and the mythological view of the world 787 Chapter Nine — Reconstruction of Indo-European rituals. Legal and medical conceptions. The afterworld and burial rites 809 Chapter Ten — Reconstruction of Indo-European text fragments. Fragments of poetic speech; Indo-European metrical schemes. The counting system and number symbolism 839 Section Two: The Chronology of Proto-Indo-European. The Indo-European Homeland and Migration Routes to the Historical Ter¬ritories of the Indo-European Tribes 863 Chapter Eleven — Proto-Indo-European in space and time, based on linguistic and culture-historical data 865 Chapter Twelve — The migrations of the Indo-European-speaking tribes from their Near Eastern homeland to their historical territories in Eurasia 899 Instead of an Afterword 963 The languages and their written sources 499 Transliterations 511 Abbreviations 517 Bibliography 523 Indexes 631 Languages and Dialects 631 Indo-European Languages 631 Proto-Indo-European Roots, Stems, and Affixes 631 Proto-Indoeuropean Semantemes 661 Anatolian Languages 671 Hittite 671 Sumero-Akkadian Logogramic Hittite 678 Luwian 680 Hieroglyphic Luwian 681 Palaic 681 Lycian 681 Lydian 681 Tocharian Languages 681 Tocharian A 681 Tocharian B 682 Indo-Iranian Language 684 Indo-Aryan Languages 684 Sanskrit 684 Pali 695 Mitannian 695 Neo-Indic Languages 695 Nuristan Languages 695 Dardic Languages 695 Iranian Languages 696 Avestan 696 Old Persian 699 Pehlevi 700 Parthian 700 Saka 700 Sogdian 700 Khwarezmian 701 Scythian 701 Ossetic 701 Yagnobi 702 Pashto 702 Pamir Languages 702 Modern Persian 702 Tajik 703 Kurdish 703 Baluchi 703 Parachi 703 Talysh 703 Greek 703 Mycenean 714 Old Macedonian 714 Armenian 714 Albanian 716 Daco-Thracian 717 Illyrian 718 Phrygian 718 Italic Languages 718 Latin 718 Faliscan 725 Venetic 725 Messapic 725 Oscan 725 Umbrian 726 Romance Languages 726 French 726 Italian 726 Spanish 726 Rumanian 726 Celtic Languages 726 Old Irish 726 Middle Irish 729 Modern Irish 729 Welsh 729 Cornish 730 Breton 730 Gaulish 730 Germanic Languages 731 Proto-Germanic 731 Old Icelandic 733 Norwegian 735 Swedish 736 Danish 736 Old English 736 Old Frisian 738 Old High German 738 Old Saxon 741 Low German Dialects 741 English 741 German 743 Baltic Languages 745 Old Prussian 745 Lithuanian 746 Latvian 750 Slavic Languages 751 Old Church Slavic and Proto-Slavic 751 Bulgarian 754 Serbo-Croatian 755 Slovene 755 Russian (Old Russian) 755 Ukrainian 758 Belorussian 758 Polish 758 Slovincian-Kashubian 758 Czech 758 Slovak 758 Lower Sorbian 758 Upper Sorbian 758 Polabian 758 Non-Indo-European Languages 759 Ancient Near Eastern Languages 759 Hattic 759 Sumerian 759 Elamite 759 Hurrian 759 Urartean 759 Afro-Asiatic Languages 759 Semitic Languages 759 Proto-Semitic 759 Akkadian 760 Ugaritic 760 Phoenician 761 Ancient Hebrew 761 Aramaic 761 Arabic 761 South Arabian 761 Geez 761 African Languages 761 Ancient Egyptian 761 Coptic 762 Chadic 762 Nubian 762 Caucasian Languages 762 Kartvelian Languages 762 Proto-Kartvelian 762 Georgian 763 Svan 764 Mingrelian 765 Laz 765 Northwest Caucasian Languages 766 Northeast Caucasian Languages 766 Dagestanian Languages 766 Nakh Languages 766 Uralic Languages 767 Finno-Ugric Languages 767 Finnish 767 Veps 767 Vote 767 Estonian 767 Livonian 767 Hungarian 768 Ostyak 768 Vogul 768 Komi-Permian 768 Komi-Zhyrian 768 Votyak 768 Moksha-Mordvin 769 Erzja-Mordvin 769 Cheremis 769 Lapp 769 Samoyed Languages 770 Yurak 770 Altaic Languages 770 Turkish 770 Old Turkish 770 Mongolian Languages 770 Mongolian 770 Tungus-Manchurian Languages 770 Korean 770 Japanese 771 Dravidian Languages 771 Austro-Asiatic Languages 771 Burushaski 771 Etruscan 771 Basque 771 Sino-Tibetan 771 Paleoasiatic 772 Austronesian Languages 772 Amerindian Languages 772 Navajo 772 Quiliute 772 Squamish 772 Shuswap 772 Australian Languages 772 Onomastic Indexes 773 Gods, Festivals, Mythological Beings, Heroes 773 Proper Names 776 Ethnonyms 777 Hydronyms: Lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water 778 Toponyms 780 Species 784 Sources 785

“Gamkrelidze and Ivanov’s wide-ranging and interdisciplinary work, superbly translated from Russian, is a must for every student of Indo-European prehistory. Its erudition is unsurpassed, and its unorthodox conclusions are a continuing challenge.”
Prof. Dr. Martin Haspelmath, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie

The authors propose a revision of views on a number of central issues of Indo-European studies. Based on findings of typology, they suggest a new analysis of the phonological system of Proto-Indo-European (the ‘Glottalic Theory’); they offer novel assumptions about the relative chronology of changes in PIE vowels and laryngeals. Their conclusions are compared with data from Proto-Kartvelian. In the second part of the book, semantically organized presentation of material from the lexicon is combined with analyses of the use of forms and formulae in a broadly defined cultural context. Again similarities with properties of primarily Kartvelian and Semitic are described , and extended close contacts with these language families are postulated. This necessarily leads to a proposal to place the hypothetical Urheimat of the Indo-Europeans in the region south of the Caucasus.

Volume and II of the original Russian edition have been combined in the English version as Part I; the Bibliography and Indexes are published as Part II.

Gamkrelidze and Ivanov s wide-ranging and interdisciplinary work, superbly translated from Russian, is a must for every student of Indo-European prehistory. Its erudition is unsurpassed, and its unorthodox conclusions are a continuing challenge. Prof. Dr. Martin Haspelmath, Max-Planck-Institut fur Evolutionare Anthropologie The authors propose a revision of views on a number of central issues of Indo-European studies. Based on findings of typology, they suggest a new analysis of the phonological system of Proto-Indo-European (the Glottalic Theory ); they offer novel assumptions about the relative chronology of changes in PIE vowels and laryngeals. Their conclusions are compared with data from Proto-Kartvelian. In the second part of the book, semantically organized presentation of material from the lexicon is combined with analyses of the use of forms and formulae in a broadly defined cultural context. Again similarities with properties of primarily Kartvelian and Semitic are described, and extended close contacts with these language families are postulated. This necessarily leads to a proposal to place the hypothetical Urheimat of the Indo-Europeans in the region south of the Caucasus. Volume and II of the original Russian edition have been combined in the English version as Part I; the Bibliography and Indexes are published as Part II.