Individuality in Early Modern Japan: Thinking for Oneself (Routledge Research in Early Modern History)

"Two of the most commonly alleged features of Japanese society are its homogeneity and its encouragement of conformity, as represented by the saying that the nail that sticks up gets pounded. This volume's primary goal is to challenge these and a number of other long-standing assumptions regarding Tokugawa (1600-1868) society, and thereby to open a dialogue regarding the relationship between the Japan of two centuries ago and the present. The volume's central chapters concentrate on six aspects of Tokugawa society: the construction of individual identity, aggressive pursuit of self-interest, defiant practice of forbidden religious traditions, interest in self-cultivation and personal betterment, undiferstandings of happiness and well-being, and embrace of "neglected" counter-ideological values. The author argues that when taken together, these point to far higher degrees of individuality in early modifern Japan than has heretofore been acknowledged, and in an Afterword the author briefly examines how these indicators of individuality in early modifern Japan are faring in contemporary Japan at the time of writing."--Provided by publisher Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 List of Figures 8 Preface 10 Acknowledgments 14 1 Introduction: Creating a Context for Thinking for Oneself 16 2 Identity and Orientation 34 3 Self-Interest, Protest, and the Public Sphere 58 4 Secrecy and Privacy in Religious Faith and Practice 76 5 Self-Cultivation, Salon Culture, and the Private Academy 96 6 Well-Being and the Pursuit of Happiness 112 7 Values 128 8 Conclusions: Individuality in Early Modern Japan 150 Afterword: Aspects of and Resistance to Individuality in Contemporary Japan 166 Bibliography 184 Index 198 This volume challenges several long-standing assumptions regarding Japanese society before the Meiji Restoration of 1868. The author presents evidence of far higher degrees of individuality in early modern Japan than has heretofore been acknowledged, and a thought-provoking Afterword examines how these same aspects of individuality are faring in today's Japan.