Indigenous Rights and United Nations Standards: Self-Determination, Culture and Land (Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law, Series Number 52)

The debate on indigenous rights has revealed some serious difficulties for current international law, posed mainly by different understandings of important concepts. This book explores the extent to which indigenous claims, as recorded in the United Nations forums, can be accommodated by international law. By doing so, it also highlights how the indigenous debate has stretched the contours and ultimately evolved international human rights standards. The book first reflects on the international law responses to the theoretical arguments on cultural membership. After a comprehensive analysis of the existing instruments on indigenous rights, the discussion turns to self-determination. Different views are assessed and a fresh perspective on the right to self-determination is outlined. Ultimately, the author refuses to shy away from difficult questions and challenging issues and offers a comprehensive discussion of indigenous rights and their contribution to international law. ISBN-13: 9780521835749 Half-title 3 Series-title 4 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Table of cases 10 International courts 10 League of Nations 10 Permanent Court of Justice 10 International Court of Justice 10 United Nations Human Rights Committee 10 Regional courts 11 African Commission on Human Rights 11 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 11 European Court on Human Rights 11 National Courts 11 Australia 11 Canada 12 Norway 12 United States 12 Table of statutes 13 United Nations documents 13 Conventions and Treaties 13 UNESCO: 14 Declarations 15 UNESCO: 17 Resolutions (other than the above) 17 Recommendations and other non-binding documents 18 Commission Drafting Group/WGIP/other indigenous fora: 19 CERD (Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination): 24 Other Anti-Discrimination Committees/Fora: 25 Committee of the Rights of the Child: 25 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Committee: 25 General Assembly: 26 Human Rights Commission: 26 Human Rights Committee: 27 Sub-Commission on Minorities: 29 UNESCO: 29 International Labour Organisation documents 30 Conventions/Declarations 30 Recommendations 32 Requests, Observations and Reports 33 Other international instruments 36 Regional documents 37 Africa 37 Americas 37 Europe 37 Indigenous Organisations’ documentation 38 National legislation/documentation 39 Australia 39 Cambodia 39 Canada 39 Guatemala 39 Norway 39 Pakistan 39 Philippines 39 Russian Federation 40 South Africa 40 United States 40 Venezuela 40 Vietnam 40 Acknowledgments 41 Introduction 43 Notes 52 1 Recognition of cultural membership and implications 55 Introduction 55 The importance of cultural membership 55 Autonomy and the neutral state 57 The need for multiplicity of cultural frameworks 61 Interaction of cultures 64 Preservation of cultures 69 Especially on collective rights 71 Concluding comments 80 Notes 81 PART I United Nations instruments on indigenous peoples 89 2 The ILO Conventions 91 Convention No. 107 91 The ILO and indigenous peoples 91 Provisions of ILO Convention No. 107 94 Definition 94 Integration 95 Protection of indigenous rights 98 Control over indigenous affairs 101 Land rights 102 Recruitment and conditions of employment 106 Education and languages 107 Concluding comments 108 Convention No. 169 109 Procedure of the revision 109 Basic orientation of Convention No. 169 110 Provisions of Convention No. 169 112 Identification of the beneficiaries 112 Collective rights 115 Protection of indigenous rights and cultures 116 Participation, co-management and self-government 118 Land rights 122 Recruitment, conditions of employment and vocational training 130 Concluding comments 132 Notes 134 3 Emerging law: The United Nations draft Declaration on indigenous peoples 144 Process and status of the draft Declaration 145 The contents of the draft Declaration 147 Peoples, membership, self-identification, nomadic peoples 147 Individual and collective rights 149 Self-determination 151 Protection of indigenous peoples 154 Cultural and linguistic identity 157 Land and resources 159 Concluding comments 161 Notes 163 PART II Thematic analysis 171 4 Do indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination? 173 Introduction 173 Are indigenous peoples beneficiaries of the right? 174 The issue 174 No clear recognition of indigenous as 'peoples’ in international law 175 Employment of the definition of 'peoples’ in international law 177 Employment of international documents 178 The hurdle of territorial integrity 182 The scope of the right to self-determination 188 The minimalist approach: self-determination as independence 188 The maximalist approach: self-determination as an umbrella right 194 Re-evaluating the meaning of the right 197 Self-determination is a right and a principle 197 The political core of the right to self-determination 199 Internal aspect of indigenous self-determination 202 External aspect of indigenous self-determination 208 Emerging applications of the right to self-determination 211 Concluding comments 215 Notes 218 5 Indigenous cultural rights 238 Introduction 238 Overview of standards relevant to indigenous peoples 239 General standards 239 Minority standards 242 Collective element 243 Positive protection 244 Obstacles to the effective protection of indigenous cultural rights by international law 246 The meaning of culture 246 Culture as capital 246 Culture as creativity 247 Culture as way of life 249 The concept of cultural property 251 Ownership of culture 253 Specific issues concerning cultural rights 256 Indigenous cultural autonomy 257 Misappropriation and misuse of indigenous cultural heritage 259 Repatriation of indigenous cultural objects 263 Indigenous biodiversity rights 266 Concluding comments 269 Notes 269 6 Indigenous land rights 279 Introduction 279 Legal basis for indigenous land claims 280 Important issues related to indigenous land claims 285 Collective ownership 285 Doctrine of terra nullius 285 Non-recognition of ownership 286 Recognition of individual ownership 287 Native title 288 Problems of proof 291 Non-implementation of strong legislation 294 Rights of consultation and participation 294 Rights of use, management and resources 298 Removal and relocation 304 Restitution and compensation 306 Concluding comments 309 Notes 310 Conclusions 322 Notes 327 Bibliography 328 Index 348 Half-title......Page 3 Series-title......Page 4 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 United Nations Human Rights Committee......Page 10 Australia......Page 11 United States......Page 12 Conventions and Treaties......Page 13 UNESCO:......Page 14 Declarations......Page 15 Resolutions (other than the above)......Page 17 Recommendations and other non-binding documents......Page 18 Commission Drafting Group/WGIP/other indigenous fora:......Page 19 CERD (Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination):......Page 24 Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Committee:......Page 25 Human Rights Commission:......Page 26 Human Rights Committee:......Page 27 UNESCO:......Page 29 Conventions/Declarations......Page 30 Recommendations......Page 32 Requests, Observations and Reports......Page 33 Other international instruments......Page 36 Europe......Page 37 Indigenous Organisations’ documentation......Page 38 Philippines......Page 39 Vietnam......Page 40 Acknowledgments......Page 41 Introduction......Page 43 Notes......Page 52 The importance of cultural membership......Page 55 Autonomy and the neutral state......Page 57 The need for multiplicity of cultural frameworks......Page 61 Interaction of cultures......Page 64 Preservation of cultures......Page 69 Especially on collective rights......Page 71 Concluding comments......Page 80 Notes......Page 81 PART I United Nations instruments on indigenous peoples......Page 89 The ILO and indigenous peoples......Page 91 Definition......Page 94 Integration......Page 95 Protection of indigenous rights......Page 98 Control over indigenous affairs......Page 101 Land rights......Page 102 Recruitment and conditions of employment......Page 106 Education and languages......Page 107 Concluding comments......Page 108 Procedure of the revision......Page 109 Basic orientation of Convention No. 169......Page 110 Identification of the beneficiaries......Page 112 Collective rights......Page 115 Protection of indigenous rights and cultures......Page 116 Participation, co-management and self-government......Page 118 Land rights......Page 122 Recruitment, conditions of employment and vocational training......Page 130 Concluding comments......Page 132 Notes......Page 134 3 Emerging law: The United Nations draft Declaration on indigenous peoples......Page 144 Process and status of the draft Declaration......Page 145 Peoples, membership, self-identification, nomadic peoples......Page 147 Individual and collective rights......Page 149 Self-determination......Page 151 Protection of indigenous peoples......Page 154 Cultural and linguistic identity......Page 157 Land and resources......Page 159 Concluding comments......Page 161 Notes......Page 163 PART II Thematic analysis......Page 171 Introduction......Page 173 The issue......Page 174 No clear recognition of indigenous as 'peoples’ in international law......Page 175 Employment of the definition of 'peoples’ in international law......Page 177 Employment of international documents......Page 178 The hurdle of territorial integrity......Page 182 The minimalist approach: self-determination as independence......Page 188 The maximalist approach: self-determination as an umbrella right......Page 194 Self-determination is a right and a principle......Page 197 The political core of the right to self-determination......Page 199 Internal aspect of indigenous self-determination......Page 202 External aspect of indigenous self-determination......Page 208 Emerging applications of the right to self-determination......Page 211 Concluding comments......Page 215 Notes......Page 218 Introduction......Page 238 General standards......Page 239 Minority standards......Page 242 Collective element......Page 243 Positive protection......Page 244 Culture as capital......Page 246 Culture as creativity......Page 247 Culture as way of life......Page 249 The concept of cultural property......Page 251 Ownership of culture......Page 253 Specific issues concerning cultural rights......Page 256 Indigenous cultural autonomy......Page 257 Misappropriation and misuse of indigenous cultural heritage......Page 259 Repatriation of indigenous cultural objects......Page 263 Indigenous biodiversity rights......Page 266 Notes......Page 269 Introduction......Page 279 Legal basis for indigenous land claims......Page 280 Doctrine of terra nullius......Page 285 Non-recognition of ownership......Page 286 Recognition of individual ownership......Page 287 Native title......Page 288 Problems of proof......Page 291 Rights of consultation and participation......Page 294 Rights of use, management and resources......Page 298 Removal and relocation......Page 304 Restitution and compensation......Page 306 Concluding comments......Page 309 Notes......Page 310 Conclusions......Page 322 Notes......Page 327 Bibliography......Page 328 Index......Page 348 This Book Explores The Extent To Which Indigenous Claims, As Recorded In The United Nations Fora, Can Be Accommodated By Current International Law. Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Table Of Cases -- International Courts -- League Of Nations -- Permanent Court Of Justice -- International Court Of Justice -- United Nations Human Rights Committee -- Regional Courts -- African Commission On Human Rights -- Inter-american Commission On Human Rights -- European Court On Human Rights -- National Courts -- Australia -- Canada -- Norway -- United States -- Table Of Statutes -- United Nations Documents -- Conventions And Treaties -- Unesco: -- Declarations -- Resolutions (other Than The Above) -- Recommendations And Other Non-binding Documents -- International Labour Organisation Documents -- Conventions/declarations -- Recommendations -- Requests, Observations And Reports -- Other International Instruments -- Regional Documents -- Africa -- Americas -- Europe -- Indigenous Organisations' Documentation -- National Legislation/documentation -- Australia -- Cambodia -- Canada -- Guatemala --^ Norway -- Pakistan -- Philippines -- Russian Federation -- South Africa -- United States -- Venezuela -- Vietnam -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Notes -- 1 Recognition Of Cultural Membership And Implications -- Introduction -- The Importance Of Cultural Membership -- Autonomy And The Neutral State -- The Need For Multiplicity Of Cultural Frameworks -- Interaction Of Cultures -- Preservation Of Cultures -- Especially On Collective Rights -- Concluding Comments -- Notes -- Part I United Nations Instruments On Indigenous Peoples -- 2 The Ilo Conventions -- Convention No. 107 -- Convention No. 169 -- Notes -- 3 Emerging Law: The United Nations Draft Declaration On Indigenous Peoples -- Process And Status Of The Draft Declaration -- The Contents Of The Draft Declaration -- Concluding Comments -- Notes -- Part Ii Thematic Analysis -- 4 Do Indigenous Peoples Have The Right To Self-determination? -- Introduction -- Are Indigenous Peoples Beneficiaries Of The Right? --^ The Scope Of The Right To Self-determination -- Re-evaluating The Meaning Of The Right -- Concluding Comments -- Notes -- 5 Indigenous Cultural Rights -- Introduction -- Overview Of Standards Relevant To Indigenous Peoples -- Obstacles To The Effective Protection Of Indigenous Cultural Rights By International Law -- Specific Issues Concerning Cultural Rights -- Concluding Comments -- Notes -- 6 Indigenous Land Rights -- Introduction -- Legal Basis For Indigenous Land Claims -- Important Issues Related To Indigenous Land Claims -- Concluding Comments -- Notes -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- Last Page Alexandra Xanthaki. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 286-305) And Index. "The book first reflects on the international law responses to the theoretical arguments on cultural membership. After a comprehensive analysis of the existing instruments on indigenous rights, the discussion turns to self-determination. Different views are assessed and a fresh perspective on the right to self-determination is outlined. Ultimately, the author refuses to shy away from difficult questions and challenging issues and offers a comprehensive discussion of indigenous rights and their contribution to international law. It offers a comprehensive analysis of a very topical issue from the international law; uses United National statements and materials that are not widely circulated; offers a rare use of state practice from all over the world, rather than a few countries, to back up indigenous land claims."--Publisher's description