Indigenous Cultural Heritage and Intellectual Property Rights [recurso electrónico] Learning from the New Zealand Experience?

Now more than ever, indigenous peoples’ interests in their cultural heritage are in the spotlight. Yet, there is very little literature that comprehensively discusses how existing laws can and cannot be used to address indigenous peoples’ interests. This book assesses how intangible aspects of indigenous cultural heritage (and the tangible objects that hold them) can be protected, within the realm of a broad range of existing legal orders, including intellectual property and related rights, consumer protection law, common law and equitable doctrines, and human rights. It does so by focusing on the New Zealand Māori. The book also looks to the future, analysing the long-awaited Wai 262 report, released in New Zealand by the Waitangi Tribunal in response to allegations that the government had failed in its duty to ensure that the Māori retain chieftainship over their tangible and intangible treasures, as required by the Treaty of Waitangi, signed between the Māori and the British Crown in 1840.--Publisher description. Introduction -- Māori culture in the contemporary world -- Intellectual property and other intangibles -- Guardianship and the Wai 262 report -- Bringing it all together : an overall reflection. Jessica Christine Lai. Revised thesis (doctoral)--University of Lucerne, 2012. Includes bibliographical references and glossary. Foreword 6 Acknowledgements 8 Abbreviations 10 Contents 14 Chapter 1: Introduction 17 References 24 Chapter 2: Māori Culture in the Contemporary World 27 2.1 Justifying Increased Rights 27 2.1.1 Identity, Overall Well-Being and Socio-Economic Development 27 2.1.2 The Treaty of Waitangi and Its Guarantees 32 (a) The Waitangi Tribunal 33 (b) Article 2 33 (c) Treaty Principles 34 (d) The Partnership 34 (e) The Treaty and Intangible Taonga 36 2.2 The Use and Trade of Māori Culture 37 2.2.1 Māori Culture in Modern-Day New Zealand 37 (a) From the Perspective of Māori 37 (b) From the Perspective of New Zealand as a Whole 38 2.2.2 Appropriation of Māori Culture in New Zealand 40 (a) The Integration of Māori Culture into New Zealand Culture 41 (b) Freedom of Expression and Fundamental Rights 45 (c) Pre-determining Offence: Māori Representatives and ``Experts ́ ́ 50 (d) Can Māori Misappropriate Their Own Culture? 52 (i) UNDRIP: Collective Versus Individual Rights 53 (ii) A Responsibility of Māori Individuals? 55 (iii) Appropriation Between Communities 56 (e) Summary 57 2.2.3 Issues Relating to Global Use of Māori Culture 58 (a) Difficulties in Control Internationally 58 (b) Derivation from TK or Taonga GRs 59 (c) What Is Māori Consultation or Consent? 61 (d) Is International Manufacture an Allowable Development? 62 (e) Summary 63 2.2.4 Extrapolating What Is Needed 63 2.3 Conclusions 65 References 67 Chapter 3: Intellectual Property and Other Intangibles 75 3.1 The Limitations of the Western Concept of Property 75 3.2 The Public Domain 80 3.2.1 A Mismatch of Concepts 80 3.2.2 A ``Dynamic ́ ́ or ``Viable ́ ́ Public Domain 82 3.2.3 The Public Domain as Changeable 83 3.2.4 Possible Solutions? 84 3.3 Misunderstandings About Intellectual Property 88 3.3.1 IP Can Be Used for Indigenous Cultural Heritage 88 3.3.2 IP Is Not Non-cultural 89 3.3.3 IP Is Not Inherently Evil 91 3.4 Intellectual Property and Indigenous Interests 93 3.4.1 Copyright Law 94 (a) General Problems with Copyright Law 94 (b) The Use of Moral Rights 101 (c) Performers ́ Rights 106 (d) Commissioning Works 109 (e) Anonymous and Orphan Works 110 (f) International Human Rights Law 112 3.4.2 Trade Marks Law 114 (a) Refusing and Revoking Trade Marks Offensive to Māori 115 (i) Trade Marks Māori Advisory Committee 115 (ii) The Prior Ad-Hoc Mechanism 118 (iii) Terminology and Interpretation 119 (iv) 1997 Māori Trade Marks Focus Group Report 121 (v) Limitations 122 (vi) Arguments Against the System 124 (b) Collective and Certification Marks: ``Toi Iho ́ ́ 126 (i) The Establishment of Toi Iho ``Māori Made ́ ́ 127 (ii) Toi Iho ́s Standards 129 (iii) Government Disinvestment: A New Beginning 131 3.4.3 Geographical Indications 134 (a) GI Protection Under TRIPS 134 (b) GI Protection in New Zealand 136 (c) GIs for Indigenous Peoples: Ideological (Dis)connections? 137 (d) Practical Issues with Using GIs 140 (e) Negotiations for Stronger Protection in TRIPS 142 (f) GIs Compared to Certification Marks 144 (g) Summary 146 3.4.4 Patent Law 146 (a) Difficulties in Using Patent Law for TK 146 (b) Specific Issues in New Zealand 150 (c) Exclusions from Patentability 151 (i) Patents Māori Advisory Committee 151 (ii) Law and IPONZ Policy Under the 1953 Act 155 (iii) Potential Limitations and Criticism 156 (iv) Other Exclusions from Patentability 158 (d) Biotechnology Patents 159 (e) Disclosure of Prior Art, PIC and ABS 162 (i) The CBD and Nagoya Protocol 162 (ii) The CBD, IPRs and TRIPS Agreement 164 (iii) General Problems with PIC and ABS 167 3.4.5 Plant Variety Rights 168 (a) What Is ``New ́ ́? 169 (b) Opposing Denominations 171 (c) Other Limits of Existing Law 172 3.5 IP-Related Rights, or a Sui Generis System? 173 3.5.1 Passing Off 173 3.5.2 Consumer Protection Law 176 3.5.3 Domain Name Law 180 3.5.4 Breach of Confidence 186 (a) The ``Necessary Quality of Confidence ́ ́ 187 (b) An Obligation of Confidence 188 (c) Showing ``Harm ́ ́ 191 (d) The ``Public Interest ́ ́ Defence 191 (e) Use for Enforcing Customary Law 194 (f) The Informational/Tangible Divide 195 (g) Summary 196 3.5.5 Trade Secrets 196 (a) In New Zealand 196 (b) International Law 197 (c) The Desirability of Secrecy 199 3.5.6 Right to One ́s ``Own Image ́ ́? 200 (a) The Tort of Privacy 201 (b) Law of Defamation 205 (c) An Exclusive Right to Self-Representation? 209 (d) An Exclusive Right to Self-Research? 214 3.5.7 Sui Generis Systems: Ownership-Like and Perpetual Protection 216 (a) The WIPO Drafts 216 (b) Potential Problems 217 (c) A Look to the Future 219 3.6 The Mataatua Declaration (1993) 220 3.7 Concluding Thoughts 222 References 224 Chapter 4: Guardianship and the Wai 262 Report 238 4.1 Introduction 238 4.2 The Wai 262 Report 242 4.3 Kaitiakitanga Versus ``Property ́ ́ 244 4.4 Issues of the Public Domain 248 4.5 IP, Taonga Works and Their Underlying Mātauranga Māori 250 4.5.1 Important Definitions 251 (a) Taonga Works 251 (b) Taonga-Derived Works 252 (c) Mātauranga Māori 254 4.5.2 The Balance Against Other Interests 256 (a) Offensive/Derogatory Public Use 256 (i) What Is ``Offensive ́ ́ or ``Derogatory ́ ́? 258 (ii) To Whom Must It Be Offensive? 260 (b) Non-offensive Commercial Use 261 (c) Non-commercial Public Use 262 (d) Private Use 263 4.5.3 The Legal Framework and General Recommendations 264 (a) The Interface with Intellectual Property 264 (b) Declaratory Rulings 267 (c) Guidelines and a Register of Kaitiaki Interests 268 (d) Make-Up of the Commission 269 4.6 IP, Taonga Species and Related Mātauranga Māori 270 4.6.1 Taonga Species 272 4.6.2 Mātauranga Māori in Taonga Species 274 4.6.3 Recommendations and Proposed Reforms 275 (a) Bioprospecting 275 (b) GM Research Applications 276 (c) Patent Law 279 (d) Plant Variety Rights Law 286 (e) Locating the Relevant Kaitiaki: A Local Approach? 288 (f) The Place of Voluntary Codes and Guidelines 290 4.7 TRIPS and Other International IP Obligations 291 4.7.1 Copyright 292 (a) Limiting an Owner ́s Use 292 (b) Residual Owner Rights 294 (c) Ordering the Destruction of Works 296 4.7.2 Industrial Design 298 4.7.3 Trade Marks 300 4.7.4 Patents 301 4.8 Compliancy with GATT 302 4.9 Support in UNDRIP 305 4.9.1 Rights to Culture and Cultural Diversity 305 4.9.2 Rights over Culture and Cultural Heritage 310 4.10 Concluding Thoughts 315 References 318 Chapter 5: Bringing It All Together: An Overall Reflection 326 5.1 Formation of a Representative Body 326 5.2 Trade in New Zealand 332 5.3 An International Dimension? 334 5.4 Should There Be Time Limits? 335 5.5 Discriminatory Against Non-Māori? 337 5.6 Final Words 338 References 338 Glossary 340 Front Matter....Pages i-xv Chapter 1 Introduction....Pages 1-10 Chapter 2 Māori Culture in the Contemporary World....Pages 11-58 Chapter 3 Intellectual Property and Other Intangibles....Pages 59-221 Chapter 4 Guardianship and the Wai 262 Report....Pages 223-310 Chapter 5 Bringing It All Together: An Overall Reflection....Pages 311-324 Back Matter....Pages 325-327 Using the example of New Zealand's Maori, this book shows how intangible aspects of indigenous cultural heritage, and the tangible objects that hold them, can be protected using existing intellectual property, consumer protection, human rights and other laws.