Incredible Life: A Handbook of Biological Mysteries (Handbook Series / Sourcebook Project)

INCREDIBLE LIFE: A HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICAL MYSTERIES WILLIAM R. CORLISS ii Notice TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE vi Chapter 1 HUMANS AND HUMANOIDS MORPHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA • Excessively Hairy Humans HAIRY MEN Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids A HAIRY HUMAN FAMILY 6 Morphological Phenomena A HAIRY CHILD Morphological Phenomena KRAO FARINI, “THE MISSING LINK” Humans and Humanoids • Sudden Hair Blanching and Color Changes GREY HAIR Humans and Humanoids 11 SUDDEN BLANCHING OF HUMAN HAIR 12 Morphological Phenomena CHANGES IN COLOR OF HAIR AND FEATHERS Humans and Humanoids 13 14 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 15 • Unusual Hair Growth after Death GROWTH OF THE HUMAN HAIR AFTER DEATH • Hair Patterns and the Aquatic Man Theory WAS MAN MORE AQUATIC IN THE PAST? Humans and Humanoids 19 • Some Respectable Human Tails CAUDAL APPENDAGE IN MAN Humans and Humanoids 21 22 Morphological Phenomena A TAILED CHILD Humans and Humanoids 23 SEVEN-INCH TAIL ON BABY • Horned Humans A WOMAN WITH HORNS HORNED MEN IN AFRICA HORNS IN GIRL’S NECK FROM EMBRYO GILLS Humans and Humanoids 25 • Human Gills and Recapitulation in Man TRACES OF GILLS IN THE THROAT OF MAN OBSESSIONS OF BIOLOGISTS 28 Morphological Phenomena • Possible Inheritance of Physical Injuries INHERITANCE OF PHYSICAL INJURIES NATURAL EAR RING HOLES FOUND IN TWO FAMILIES • Skin Shedding and Other Skin Anomalies Humans and Humanoids 31 A CURIOUS CASE OF SKIN-SHEDDING Humans and Humanoids 33 • Dwarfs and Giants: Some Extreme Cases A REMARKABLE DWARF CHILD ACCOUNT OF PATAGONIAN GIANTS Humans and Humanoids 35 THE COUNTRY OF THE GIANTS • A Case of Extremely Rapid Growth A FAST-GROWING CHILD • Prehensile Properties of Human Feet THE PREHENSILE FOOT OF EAST INDIANS Humans and Humanoids 37 38 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 39 40 Morphological Phenomena • Some Skeletal Curiosities A BONE SHEDDER BONY GROWTHS IN THE HUMAN JAW 42 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 43 • Extra Ribs in Humans THE OCCASIONAL EIGHTH TRUE RIB ESKIMO MEN MAY BE GETTING EXTRA RIB 44 Morphological Phenomena EXTRA RIBS MORE COMMON IN FEMALES • Unusually Large Variations of Sex Ratio 46 Morphological Phenomena VARIABILITY IN MAN • Anomalous Pigmentation 48 Morphological Phenomena A PIEBALD NEGRO ON A PECULIAR CHANGE OF COLOUR IN A MULATTO Humans and Humanoids 51 52 Morphological Phenomena IMAGE MODULATION IN CORONA DISCHARGE PHOTOGRAPHY DEADLY RADIATIONS PRODUCED FROM LIVING HUMAN BODY Humans and Humanoids 53 EMISSION OF N-RAYS BY THE HUMAN BODY Humans and Humanoids 55 • Is the Appendix Truly Vestigial? VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES 56 Morphological Phenomena • Problems in the Evolution of the Human Brain 58 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 59 SCIENCE AND PSEUDOSCIENCE • Human Rumination RUMINATION IN THE HUMAN SUBJECT • Strange Cases of Transpiration 62 Morphological Phenomena • Anomalous Human Odors SINGULAR CASE OF ODORIFEROUS EMANATIONS Humans and Humanoids 63 THE SMELL OF THE INSANE • Human Eyes That Shine at Night SHINING IN HUMAN EYES NIGHT-SHINING EYES 64 Morphological Phenomena • Spontaneous Human Combustion SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION Humans and Humanoids 65 DEATH BY SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION A DRUNKARD ON FIRE 66 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 67 SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION Humans and Humanoids 69 THE ALLEGED SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION OF THE HUMAN BODY 72 Morphological Phenomena HUMAN SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION 74 Morphological Phenomena • Electrical and Magnetic Humans AN ELECTRIC INFANT EXTRAORDINARY CASE OF ELECTRICAL EXCITEMENT . . . . . Humans and Humanoids 75 76 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 77 THE ELECTRIC GIRL 78 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 79 80 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 81 82 Morphological Phenomena DAILY VARIATIONS OF STANDING POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN SUBJECTS Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 85 THE GEORGIA WONDER-GIRL AND HER LESSONS 86 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 87 88 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 89 THE GEORGIA WONDER GIRL AND HER LESSONS Humans and Humanoids 91 ANOTHER MAGNETIC MAN 92 Morphological Phenomena • Effects of Electricity on Human Health CASE OF A PARALYTIC AFFECTION, CURED BY A STROKE OF LIGHTNING Humans and Humanoids 93 94 Morphological Phenomena CURE OF ASTHMA BY A STROKE OF LIGHTNING THUNDERSTORMS VITIATE ASTHMA TREATMENT ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY AND DISEASE 96 Morphological Phenomena Humans and Humanoids 97 98 Morphological Phenomena 100 Morphological Phenomena • Human Health and Astronomy SUN SPOTS AND THE PLAGUE Humans and Humanoids 101 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND HUMAN HEALTH SEASONAL PEAKS OF COMMON COLD INCIDENCE AND SUNSPOT ACTIVITY UNUSUAL PHYSICAL ABILITIES • Human Sense of Direction SENSE OF DIRECTION • A Magnetic Sense in Humans Unusual Physical Abilities Humans and Humanoids 107 ON A “MAGNETIC SENSE” Unusual Physical Abilities Humans and Humanoids 109 • The Sensing of Electromagnetic Signals A CURIOUS PHENOMENON • Human Detection of Cosmic Rays VISUAL PHENOMENA NOTED BY HUMAN SUBJECTS ON EX- POSURE TO NEUTRONS . . . . . • Facial Vision and Heightened Awareness THE SPIDER SENSE Unusual Physical Abilities “FACIAL VISION”: THE PERCEPTION OF OBSTACLES BY THE BLIND Humans and Humanoids 113 Unusual Physical Abilities Humans and Humanoids 115 Unusual Physical Abilities ‘BLINDSIGHT’ SEEING WITHOUT REALIZING THAT YOU CAN SEE Humans and Humanoids 117 • Did Color Vision Change in Historical Times? THE PUZZLE OF COLOR VOCABULARIES Humans and Humanoids 119 EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN PRIMATE SENSORY CAPACITIES • Accounts of Moon Blindness ON MOON BLINDNESS EFFECT OF MOONLIGHT ON FISH AND MEN Humans and Humanoids 121 • Anomalous Adhesion or “Sticky Fingers” A PECULIAR CASE OF ADHESION Unusual Physical Abilities Humans and Humanoids 123 Unusual Physical Abilities • The Voluntary Erection of Hair • Correlation of Strength and Hair Color ARE BRUNETTES STRONGER THAN BLONDES? BLONDES AND BRUNETTES • Fiery Breath A BREATH OF FIRE FIERY BREATH Humans and Humanoids 129 • Sleepers and Suspended Animation THE SLEEPING WOMAN OF THENOLLES Unusual Physical Abilities PREMATURE BURIALS Humans and Humanoids 131 LATENT LIFE, OR, APPARENT DEATH Unusual Physical Abilities PHENOMENALLY SLOW BREATHING 134 Curiosities of Behavior CURIOSITIES OF BEHAVIOR • Effects of Magnetic Fields on Human Behavior ARE MAGNETIC FIELDS LIKE STROBE LIGHTS? Humans and Humanoids 135 EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON REACTION TIME PERFOR- MANCE GEOMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT TO HUMAN BIOLOGY Humans and Humanoids 137 138 Curiosities of Behavior • Human Activities and Astronomy 142 Curiosities of Behavior COMMERCIAL CRISES AND SUN SPOTS Humans and Humanoids 143 144 Curiosities of Behavior Humans and Humanoids 145 Humans and Humanoids 147 THE MOON’S EFFECT ON STAMMERING 148 Curiosities of Behavior IS THERE AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ASTROLOGICAL DATA AND PERSONALITY? GEOMAGNETIC PARAMETERS AND PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL AD- MISSIONS Humans and Humanoids 149 150 Curiosities of Behavior Humans and Humanoids 151 152 Curiosities of Behavior LUNAR PERIODICITY IN HOMO SAPIENS L. Humans and Humanoids 153 DOES THE MOON INFLUENCE BIRTHS? 154 Curiosities of Behavior EARLY SUMMER FAVOURS THE BIRTH OF A BOY INTELLIGENCE AND SEASON OF CONCEPTION BIRTHDAY AFFECTS IQ PSYCHOLOGIST CLAIMS Humans and Humanoids 157 MOON PEOPLE WAIT TILL THE MOON ISN’T FULL 158 Curiosities of Behavior • Feral Children WOLVES SUCKLING CHILDREN IN THE ROMULUS AND REMUS STYLE Humans and Humanoids 159 WOLF-CHILDREN AND WEREWOLVES Humans and Humanoids 161 162 Curiosities of Behavior ‘WOLF CHILDREN’ OF INDIA Humans and Humanoids 163 “GAZELLE BOY” STORY BELIEVED ONLY MYTH 164 Curiosities of Behavior • Possible Genetic Transmission of Memory INHERITED MEMORIES Humans and Humanoids 165 • Half-Brain Intelligence • Curious Attitudes after Sudden Death ATTITUDES AFTER DEATH 167 168 Curiosities of Behavior Humans and Humanoids 169 170 Curiosities of Behavior Humans and Humanoids 171 BIOCHEMICAL ANOMALIES • Possible Correlations between Biochemistry and Astronomy HOW THE HEAVENS INFLUENCE OUR LIVES 172 Biochemical Anomalies Humans and Humanoids 173 EFFECT OF SOLAR ACTIVITY ON THE FREQUENCY OF FUNC- TIONAL LEUKOPENIAS . . . . . 174 Biochemical Anomalies WE MAY ALL BE LUNATICS! • Apparent Biochemical Changes during Evolution 176 Biochemical Anomalies A CLOCK FOR EVOLUTION UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES • Yeti, Sasquatch, and Other Humanoids ABOMINABLE SNOWMAN Humans and Humanoids 181 182 Unrecognized Species RECENT EVIDENCE OF THE YETI, AN UNKNOWN PRIMATE, FROM THE HIMALAYAS Humans and Humanoids 183 184 Unrecognized Species Humans and Humanoids 185 186 Unrecognized Species Humans and Humanoids 187 188 Unrecognized Species Humans and Humanoids 189 Humans and Humanoids 191 SOME BIGFOOT TRADITIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN TRIBES Humans and Humanoids 193 194 Unrecognized Species Humans and Humanoids 195 196 Unrecognized Species Humans and Humanoids 197 198 Unrecognized Species Humans and Humanoids 199 BRITISH COLUMBIA SASQUATCH WHAT IS IT? 200 Unrecognized Species Humans and Humanoids 201 Chapter 2 MAMMALS Chapter Contents MORPHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA • Hair Blanching and Similar Anomalies BLANCHING OF A BAY HORSE THE GREENING OF POLAR BEARS IN zOOS Mammals 205 • Luminosity, Phosphorescence, Etc. WILL O’ THE WISP • Sports A REVERSED CAT MIRROR IMAGE ORGANS DISCOVERED IN A CAT CAN A CAT FLY? 207 SOME CASES OF SOLID-HOOFED HOGS AND TWO-TOED HORSES 208 Morphological Phenomena Mammals 209 • Unexpected Hybrids COON CATS COON CATS 210 Morphological Phenomena • Convergence of External Appearance Mammals 213 A MARSUPIAL RHINOCEROS THE LION THAT USED TO LIVE DOWN UNDER 214 Morphological Phenomena • Remarkable Adaptations EVOLUTION OF THE GIRAFFE UNANSWERED QUESTIONS • Supposed Transmission of Acquired Characteristics Mammals 217 INHERITANCE OF ARTIFICIAL MUTILATIONS 218 Morphological Phenomena CRITICISM OF SOME CASES OF APPARENT TRANSMISSION OF MUTILATIONS 220 Morphological Phenomena Mammals 221 222 Morphological Phenomena Mammals 223 224 Morphological Phenomena Mammals 225 THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS THE PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS Mammals 227 228 Morphological Phenomena Mammals 229 • The Miraculous Eye Mammals 231 • Morphological Problems in Mammal Evolution HORSE EVOLUTION DIAGRAMS IN ERROR HORNS AND ANTLERS Mammals 233 PALEONTOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY: PATTERNS OF EVOLU- TION . . . . . • Physiological Effects of Magnetic Fields ABNORMALITIES IN ORGANS OF MICE INDUCED BY A MAGNETIC FIELD • Degeneracy of Species ARE MONKEYS DEGENERATE MEN? 236 Unusual Physical Abilities UNUSUAL PHYSICAL ABILITIES • The Magnetic Sense DOLPHINS MAY SENSE EARTH’S MAGNETISM • Unrecognized Senses DO ANIMALS USE RADIO TELEPATHY? HOW DO CATS SMELL OUT X-RAYS? Unusual Physical Abilities • Animal Dowsing? AFRICAN ELEPHANTS AS GEOLOGICAL INDICATORS Mammals 239 • Unusual Adaptation to Cold MICE AT –3°C • The Sense of Smell and Animal Color Mammals 243 • Water Breathing MAMMALS CAN BREATHE WATER Mammals 245 • Sleep Curiosities SLEEP IN RUMINANTS CURIOSITIES OF BEHAVIOR • Apparent Intelligence in Mammals INTELLECT IN BRUTES INTELLECT IN BRUTES 248 Curiosities of Behavior INTELLECT IN BRUTES Mammals 249 250 Curiosities of Behavior INTELLIGENCE IN ANIMALS Mammals 251 252 Curiosities of Behavior Mammals 253 254 Curiosities of Behavior 256 Curiosities of Behavior Mammals 257 • Collective Action ANIMAL RETRIBUTION 258 Curiosities of Behavior RATS ATTACK CATS COOPERATION AMONG CETACEA Mammals 259 Mammals 261 262 Curiosities of Behavior • Unusual Uses of Tools • Fascination or Animal Hypnotism RABBIT APPARENTLY FASCINATED BY A STOAT ‘ FASCINATION FASCINATION Mammals 265 • Singing Mammals SINGING MOUSE 266 Curiosities of Behavior SINGING MICE Mammals 267 MUSICAL MICE 268 Curiosities of Behavior Mammals 269 270 Curiosities of Behavior A SINGING MARMOT SINGING WHALES Mammals 271 • Hedgehog Idiosyncrasies THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE CONCENTRIC RUNNER 272 Curiosities of Behavior HEDGEHOGS WIDDERSHINS PUZZLING HABIT OF THE HEDGEHOG 274 Curiosities of Behavior • Rodent Kings KING OF THE RATS Mammals 275 276 Curiosities of Behavior THREE INSTANCES OF TANGLED SQUIRREL TAILS Mammals 277 • The Nightly Resurrection A “NIGHTLY RESURRECTION” 278 Curiosities of Behavior Mammals 279 • Gorillas and Man THE GORILLA AND MAN 280 Curiosities of Behavior • Chemical Transmission of Intelligence TRANSFER OF A RESPONSE TO NAIVE RATS BY INJECTION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID EXTRACTED FROM TRAINED RATS Mammals 281 • Possible Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics ARE THE EFFECTS OF LONG-CONTINUED ROTATION IN RATS IN- HERITED? 282 Curiosities of Behavior Mammals 283 284 Curiosities of Behavior MCDOUGALL’S EXPERIMENTS WITH THE INHERITANCE OF AC- QUIRED HABITS Mammals 285 286 Curiosities of Behavior Mammals 287 288 Curiosities of Behavior ANOMALOUS DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE • Recent Survival of Mammoths and Other Mammals RECENT EXISTENCE OF THE MAMMOTH THE MAMMOTH STILL IN THE LAND OF THE LIVING Mammals 291 292 Anomalous Distribution Mammals 293 MASTADON OR BUFFALO? CHINESE ACCOUNTS OF THE MAMMOTH Mammals 297 298 Anomalous Distribution Mammals 299 300 Anomalous Distribution Mammals 301 THE JEMISCH, OR GREAT GROUND SLOTH 302 Anomalous Distribution IS THE GIANT LEMUR A “LIVING FOSSIL”? Mammals 303 • Mammal Population Explosions HORDES OF SQUIRRELS 304 Anomalous Distribution MIGRATION OF GRAY SQUIRRELS SQUIRRELS ERUPT IN APPALACHIA Mammals 305 LEMMING HORDES UNRECOGNIzED SPECIES • The Loch Ness Monster and Other Unrecognized Mammals THE LOCH NESS “MONSTER” Mammals 309 LOCH NESS MONSTER: A REAPPRAISAL Mammals 311 312 Unrecognized Species MONSTERS BY SONAR Mammals 313 NAMING THE LOCH NESS MONSTER 314 Unrecognized Species SEARCH FOR THE LOCH NESS MONSTER Mammals 315 CAMERAS, SONAR CLOSE IN ON DENIzEN OF LOCH NESS Mammals 317 318 Unrecognized Species THE FLATHEAD LAKE MONSTER Mammals 319 320 Unrecognized Species Mammals 321 322 Unrecognized Species Mammals 323 324 Unrecognized Species • Unicorn Tales AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE THE EXISTENCE OF THE UNICORN Mammals 325 326 Unrecognized Species Mammals 327 THE UNICORN UNICORN DRAWINGS CONCERNING THE REAL UNICORN Mammals 329 • Rumors of Mermaids MERMAID 330 Unrecognized Species MYSTERY OF THE MERMAIDS 332 Unrecognized Species • The Controversial South American Ape THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW ANTHROPOID APE IN SOUTH AMERICA? 334 Unrecognized Species Mammals 335 336 Unrecognized Species THE ALLEGED DISCOVERY OF AN ANTHROPOID APE IN SOUTH AMERICA 338 Unrecognized Species Mammals 339 THE “APE” THAT WASN’T AN APE • Phenomenal Footprints PHENOMENAL FOOTPRINTS IN SNOW, S. DEVON 340 Unrecognized Species PHENOMENAL FOOTPRINTS IN SNOW, S. DEVON Mammals 341 • An African Pot Pourri AFRICAN MYSTERY BEASTS Mammals 343 344 Unrecognized Species Mammals 345 Chapter 3 BIRDS Chapter Contents MORPHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA • Reports of Luminous Birds LUMINOUS BIRDS 350 Morphological Phenomena Birds 351 352 Morphological Phenomena • Four-Footed Birds Birds 353 • A Fowl Sport Birds 355 356 Morphological Phenomena • Parthenogenesis in Birds VIRGIN BIRTH IN VERTEBRATES ELECTRIFIED CHICKENS—ELECTRICITY AS A GROWTH STIMU- LATOR 358 Morphological Phenomena EFFECTS OF MAGNETISM ON HEN’S EGGS • Problems in the Development of Flight THE ALLEGED EVOLUTION OF BIRDS Birds 361 ARCHAEOPTERYX AND THE ORIGIN OF FLIGHT 362 Morphological Phenomena THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF FEATHERS Birds 363 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FLIGHTLESS BIRDS 364 Morphological Phenomena Birds 365 366 Morphological Phenomena Birds 367 368 Morphological Phenomena Birds 369 370 Morphological Phenomena • Possible Inheritance of Acquired Characters THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS 372 Morphological Phenomena Birds 373 ANOTHER LOOK AT LAMARCK • Edibility of Birds and Their Eggs THE EDIBILITY OF BIRDS 374 Morphological Phenomena Birds 375 EDIBILITY OF THE EGGS OF BIRDS 376 Morphological Phenomena 378 Morphological Phenomena 380 Morphological Phenomena Birds 381 • Incredible Adaptations of Woodpeckers MIRACULOUS DESIGN FEATURES IN WOODPECKERS 382 Morphological Phenomena Birds 383 • Utility of Bird Colors BIRD COLOURS 384 Morphological Phenomena INSTANCE OF A BLACKBIRD TURNING WHITE FROM FRIGHT Birds 385 • Implications of Convergence PREDETERMINED EVOLUTION Birds 387 • Amazing Mimicry in Parasitic Birds A MORE CUNNING BIRD THAN THE CUCKOO 388 Morphological Phenomena THE EVOLUTION OF THE CUCKOO Birds 389 390 Morphological Phenomena Birds 391 UNUSUAL PHYSICAL ABILITIES • A Magnetic Sense in Birds THE ROBIN’S COMPASS CAN’T TELL NORTH FROM SOUTH Unusual Physical Abilities THE MYSTERY OF THE MISGUIDED PIGEON • Enhanced Sense of Hearing in Birds Unusual Physical Abilities • Sonar Also Developed by Birds THE OILBIRD: HEARING AND ECHOLOCATION Birds 397 CURIOSITIES OF BEHAVIOR • Collective Action in Birds SYNCHRONY IN FLOCK WHEELING 398 Curiosities of Behavior THE CONTROVERSIAL ROOK 400 Curiosities of Behavior • Fascination by Snakes and Other Animals THE FASCINATION OF SNAKES Birds 401 FASCINATION 402 Curiosities of Behavior Birds 403 “FASCINATION” OF BIRDS BY A SNAKE FASCINATION 404 Curiosities of Behavior • Tumbling in Flight “TUMBLING” IN A WILD MOURNING DOVE Birds 405 • Anting with Fire A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF THE PHOENIX MYTH 406 Curiosities of Behavior • A New Skill: Milk Bottle Opening OPENING OF MILK BOTTLES BY BIRDS 408 Curiosities of Behavior Birds 409 • Use of Tools by Birds A REMARKABLE CASE OF TOOL-USING IN A BIRD • Wire Nests WIRE NESTS OF CROWS 410 Curiosities of Behavior • Foresight? FORESIGHT OF BIRDS • Imitative Powers of Birds ANOTHER TALKING CANARY • Incubator and Bower Birds THE INCUBATOR BIRD 412 Curiosities of Behavior Birds 413 WE ARE BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND THE BOWER BIRDS 414 Curiosities of Behavior • Remarkable Mutual Adaptations 418 Anomalous Distribution ANOMALOUS DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE • Late Survival of the Moa NOTE ON THE POSSIBLE EXISTENCE OF A HUGE BIRD ALLIED TO THE MOA Birds 419 REPORTED DISCOVERY OF THE MOA 420 Anomalous Distribution REPORTED DISCOVERY OF LIVING MOAS UNRECOGNIzED SPECIES • Some Possible Enormous Birds ON A GIGANTIC BIRD SCULPTURED IN THE TOMB OF AN OFFICER OF THE HOUSEHOLD OF PHARAOH Birds 423 424 Unrecognized Species ENORMOUS FOSSIL EGG FOUND IN MADAGASCAR Chapter Contents Reptiles and Amphibians 427 UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES MORPHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA • Reptile and Amphibian Flight FLYING REPTILES 430 Morphological Phenomena Reptiles and Amphibians 431 432 Morphological Phenomena Reptiles and Amphibians 433 A FLYING BATRACHIAN OF MALAYSIA 436 Morphological Phenomena FROGS OF MEXICAN FORESTS LEARNING TO FLY AND CLIMB Anonymous; Science News Letter, 22:51, 1932. • Two-Headed Reptiles AMPHICEPHALOUS REPTILES: ANIMALS REPUTED TO HAVE A HEAD AT EACH END OF THE BODY 438 Morphological Phenomena Reptiles and Amphibians 441 TWO-HEADED SNAKES 442 Morphological Phenomena Reptiles and Amphibians 443 • Chameleon Bilateral Independence COMPOUND ANIMALS 444 Morphological Phenomena • Frog Cocoons COCOON SURROUNDING DESERT DWELLING FROGS • Parthenogenesis and All-Female Populations VIRGIN BIRTH Reptiles and Amphibians 445 ALL-FEMALE SPECIES OF THE LIZARD GENUS CNEMIDOPHORUS, TEIIDAE • Mysteries of Dinosaur Evolution MYSTERIES OF EARLY DINOSAUR EVOLUTION 446 Morphological Phenomena • Problems in Explaining Turtle Ancestry NOT A TURTLE AFTER ALL Reptiles and Amphibians 447 • Convergence and Mimicry A DARWINIAN PARADOX A LIzARD IN BEETLE’S CLOTHING Reptiles and Amphibians 449 • The Possible Inheritance of Acquired Characters ADAPTATION AND INHERITANCE IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN EX- PERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 450 Morphological Phenomena Reptiles and Amphibians 451 452 Morphological Phenomena THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS Reptiles and Amphibians 453 454 Morphological Phenomena Reptiles and Amphibians 455 456 Morphological Phenomena Reptiles and Amphibians 457 THE LATE DR. KAMMERER 458 Morphological Phenomena Reptiles and Amphibians 459 UNUSUAL PHYSICAL ABILITIES • Frog Navigation Capabilities HOMING INSTINCT OF FROGS • Extraretinal Light Detection EXTRARETINAL LIGHT PERCEPTION . . . . CURIOSITIES OF BEHAVIOR • Unusual Snake Congregations SERPENTS IN A PILE IN SOUTH AMERICA Reptiles and Amphibians 461 BUNDLES OF SNAKES • Fascination of Reptiles and Amphibians Reptiles and Amphibians 463 464 Curiosities of Behavior Reptiles and Amphibians 465 THE RATTLE SNAKE DISARMED BY THE LEAVES OF THE WHITE ASH 466 Curiosities of Behavior • Toads and Hot Charcoal TOADS AND RED-HOT CHARCOAL • Pretense of Death TRAGIC DEATH FEINT OF A SNAKE • Might Snakes Swallow Their Young? A FEMALE ADDER SWALLOWING HER YOUNG NOTE ON YOUNG VIPERS ENTERING THE MOUTH OF THE PARENT REPTILE Reptiles and Amphibians 471 472 Curiosities of Behavior Reptiles and Amphibians 473 474 Curiosities of Behavior Reptiles and Amphibians 475 476 Curiosities of Behavior • Gastric Brooding GASTRIC BROODING: UNIQUE FORM OF PARENTAL CARE IN AN AUSTRALIAN FROG • The Hoop Snake Story THE HOOP SNAKE STORY 477 478 Curiosities of Behavior Reptiles and Amphibians 479 480 Curiosities of Behavior Reptiles and Amphibians 481 ANOMALOUS DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE • Population Explosions EIGHTY SQUARE MILES OF TURTLES SNAKES & THE SEA • Reptiles and Amphibians in Unexpected Places A CURIOUS SALAMANDER Reptiles and Amphibians 485 ALLIGATORS-IN-THE-SEWERS: A JOURNALISTIC ORIGIN 486 Anomalous Distribution Reptiles and Amphibians 487 488 Anomalous Distribution Reptiles and Amphibians 489 MORE ON ALLIGATORS IN THE SEWERS 490 Anomalous Distribution NOTICE OF THE APPEARANCE OF FISH AND LIzARDS IN EXTRAOR- DINARY CIRCUMSTANCES Reptiles and Amphibians 491 • Animals in Rocks: A Few Tales Among Many 492 Anomalous Distribution Reptiles and Amphibians 493 494 Anomalous Distribution Reptiles and Amphibians 495 496 Anomalous Distribution TOAD FOUND IN A FLINT Reptiles and Amphibians 497 TOADS IN THE HOLE PROLONGED TORPIDITY OF TOADS 498 Anomalous Distribution A TOAD IN THE COAL THE EASTLAND HORNED “TOAD” EXTENDED HIBERNATION IN THE TOAD • Far-Wandering Alligators and Crocodiles ALLIGATORS IN THE BAHAMAS 500 Anomalous Distribution ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS IN OKLAHOMA ON THE EXISTENCE OF A CROCODILE IN FLORIDA 502 Anomalous Distribution NOTES ON A YOUNG CROCODILE FOUND IN A FARM YARD AT OVER-NORTON, OXFORDSHIRE Reptiles and Amphibians 503 504 Anomalous Distribution Reptiles and Amphibians 505 CROCODILES IN ENGLAND 506 Anomalous Distribution A CROCODILE ON ROTUMA UNRECOGNIzED SPECIES • Selected Sea Serpent and Lake Serpent Reports THE GREAT SEA SERPENT 508 Unrecognized Species Reptiles and Amphibians 509 510 Unrecognized Species Reptiles and Amphibians 511 THE GREAT SEA SERPENT THE GREAT SEA-SERPENT 512 Unrecognized Species THE GREAT SEA-SERPENT Reptiles and Amphibians 513 ANOTHER PEEP AT THE SEA-SERPENT 514 Unrecognized Species ANOTHER SEA SERPENT Reptiles and Amphibians 515 THE GREAT SEA SERPENT THE SEA MONSTER 516 Unrecognized Species THE SEA SERPENT Reptiles and Amphibians 517 THE SEA-SERPENT 518 Unrecognized Species SEA SERPENT SIGHTING SEA SERPENT—RIDDLE OF THE DEEP 520 Unrecognized Species SEA SERPENT SIGHTINGS Reptiles and Amphibians 521 GIANT WATER SNAKE 522 Unrecognized Species OGOPOGO, CANADA’S LAKE MONSTER: OFT SEEN, NEVER SNARED AN ANTEDILUVIAN MONSTER Reptiles and Amphibians 523 524 Unrecognized Species • The Minhocao ON THE MINHOCAO OF THE GOYANES 526 Unrecognized Species A NEW UNDERGROUND MONSTER Reptiles and Amphibians 527 528 Unrecognized Species Reptiles and Amphibians 529 UNDERGROUND MONSTERS 530 Unrecognized Species Reptiles and Amphibians 531 A BOLIVIAN SAURIAN • Possible Giant Snakes GIANT SNAKES 532 Unrecognized Species Reptiles and Amphibians 533 • Miscellaneous Unidentified Animals Reptiles and Amphibians 535 WHAT WAS THE NEW zEALAND SEA MONSTER? 536 Unrecognized Species Reptiles and Amphibians 537 Chapter 5 FISH Chapter Contents MORPHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA • Sports NOTICE OF A DOUBLE FISH Fish FISH TURNS CUT THROAT INTO EXTRA MOUTH • Mouthless Fish Fish A MOUTHLESS CARP Remarkable Eyes Fish • Fish with Unusual Appendages LITTLE MONSTERS OF THE DEEP • Warm-Blooded Fish THE TUNA: A WARM-BLOODED FISH Fish • Skeletal Structure That Varies Geographically LATITUDE AND VERTEBRAE 550 Morphological Phenomena Fish • Surprisingly Rapid Speciation Fish 553 zOOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION • Parthenogenesis and All-Female Populations ALL-FEMALE STRAINS OF THE TELEOST FISHES OF THE GENUS POCCILIOPSIS Morphological Phenomena Fish • Flatfish Metamorphosis MIRACLES OF FLATFISH METAMORPHOSIS 556 Morphological Phenomena EYE MIGRATION IN FLAT-FISHES AND LAMARCKIANISM Fish REVERSAL IN THE WINTER FLOUNDER . . . . . Gudger, E. W.; Science, 102:672–673, 1945. 558 Morphological Phenomena Fish • Unusual Symbiosis: Flashlight Fishes A POCKETFUL OF GLOW 561 FLASHLIGHT FISHES Mimicry in Fish FISHES THAT LOOK LIKE PLANTS Fish FISH MIMICS WITH DEADLY PURPOSE Fish UNUSUAL PHYSICAL ABILITIES • Homing Instinct in Fish Fish • Electrical Navigation ELECTRIC RECEPTORS IN A NON-ELECTRIC FISH (CLARIAS) Fish Unusual Physical Abilities • Responsive Sex Changes A FISH THAT CHANGES SEX Fish • Suspended Animation STRANGE RESUSCITATION CURIOSITIES OF BEHAVIOR • Unusual Collective Action JUMPING RAYS EEL’S APPEARANCE PUZZLES 576 Curiosities of Behavior • Ingestion of Foreign Objects Fish 578 Curiosities of Behavior Fish 580 Curiosities of Behavior Fish 582 Curiosities of Behavior • A Cocoon-Weaving Fish NIGHTGOWN-WEAVING FISH Fish 584 Curiosities of Behavior • Singing Fish MUSICAL FISHES Fish SINGING FISH • A Curious Climbing Fish THE CLIMBING FISH Fish 588 Curiosities of Behavior Fish • Fish-to-Egg Memory Transfer? SALMON ADD NEW MYSTERY TO THEIR MIGRATION HABITS • Mimic Behavior SPECIFICITY AND BEHAVIOR IN SYMBIOSES • Strange Forms of Symbiosis 592 Curiosities of Behavior Fish FISHES THAT LIVE IN THE MOUTHS OR GILL CAVITIES OF OTHER FISHES 596 Curiosities of Behavior Fish • Fish Behavior and Astronomy 598 Curiosities of Behavior EFFECTS OF MOONLIGHT ON FISH BIOCHEMICAL ANOMALIES • Coelacanth DNA Content NUCLEAR DNA CONTENTS OF COELACANTH ERYTHROCYTES ANOMALOUS DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE • The Great Tilefish Kill THE CASE OF THE DISAPPEARING TILEFISH 604 Anomalous Distribution • Subterranean Fish NOTE ON SUBTERRANEAN FISHES IN CALIFORNIA 606 Anomalous Distribution Fish 608 Anomalous Distribution THE BLIND FISHES OF PERSIA Fish 610 Anomalous Distribution • Marine Fish in Fresh Waters FRESH-WATER SHARKS OF NICARAGUA Fish UNRECOGNIzED SPECIES • Unidentified Giant Fish BIG FISH GIANT LEPTOCEPHALUS 613 Chapter 6 ARTHROPODS (INSECTS, CRUSTACEANS, ETC.) Chapter Contents MORPHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA • Insect Luminescence LUMINOUS TERMITE HILLS Arthropods 617 THE LUMINOSITY OF TERMITES 618 Morphological Phenomena PHOSPHORESCENT TEXAS EARTHWORMS Arthropods 619 620 Morphological Phenomena BIOLUMINESCENCE • Gills in Insects ON GILLS IN WINGED INSECTS • Flying Crustaceans FLYING CRUSTACEA • Electric Insects? ELECTRIC INSECTS • Mystery of Blue Blood “BLUE” BLOOD OF LOBSTERS STILL BIOLOGICAL MYSTERY • Calcium-Based Nerves: Parallel Evolution? CALCIUM-DRIVEN NERVES: CURIOUSER AND CURIOUSER • Remarkable Mimicry in Arthropods Arthropods 627 628 Morphological Phenomena AGGRESSIVE CHEMICAL MIMICRY BY A BOLAS SPIDER “WOLF-IN-SHEEP’S-CLOTHING” STRATEGY OF A PREDACEOUS IN- SECT LARVA Arthropods 631 632 Morphological Phenomena • Some Remarkable Adaptations MARVELS OF ADAPTATION Arthropods 633 • Miracles of Metamorphosis Arthropods 635 636 Morphological Phenomena MIRACLES OF METAMORPHOSIS • How Cells Determine Their Locations Arthropods 639 • Possible Inheritance of Acquired Characters FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR THE LAMARCKIAN THEORY OF THE CAUSE OF EVOLUTION • Apparent Vestigial Structures in Insects Arthropods 641 • Rapid Variation in Drosophila DROSOPHILA’S CONTINUING EVOLUTION 642 Morphological Phenomena WHY 600 SPECIES OF HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA? THE SEXUAL SELECTION HYPOTHESIS • Possible Evidence of Macroevolution 644 Morphological Phenomena • Development of the Social Insects THE BEE’S KNEES Arthropods 645 646 Morphological Phenomena Arthropods 647 UNUSUAL PHYSICAL ABILITIES • The Magnetic Sense in Insects MAGNETIC ANTS Arthropods 649 HOW DOES THE COMPASS TERMITE FIND NORTH? • Unexplained Senses in Ants A BIOLOGICAL PUZZLE Arthropods 653 Unusual Physical Abilities Arthropods 655 ANT’S NINTH SENSE—ONE OF THE MYSTERIES OF ANT LIFE Unusual Physical Abilities Arthropods 657 Unusual Physical Abilities Arthropods 659 • “Blind” Drilling of the Ichneumon Wasp THE LONG-BARRELED BORE CURIOSITIES OF BEHAVIOR • Curious Collective Action in Arthropods SINGULAR PROCESSION OF CATERPILLARS 662 Curiosities of Behavior AN ARMY OF CATERPILLARS A CURIOUS GROUP MIGRATION OF CATERPILLARS 666 Curiosities of Behavior GREGARIOUS KING CRABS • Collective Synchronous Action 668 Curiosities of Behavior Arthropods 669 THE SYNCHRONAL FLASHING OF FIREFLIES Allard, H. A.; Science, 44:710, 1916. A HISTORICAL NOTE ON THE SYNCHRONOUS FLASHING OF FIREFLIES Arthropods 671 672 Curiosities of Behavior SYNCHRONOUS RHYTHMIC FLASHING OF FIREFLIES SOUND-PRODUCING ANTS 674 Curiosities of Beha