Inclusion and Democracy (Oxford Political Theory)

This controversial new look at democracy in a multicultural society considers the ideals of political inclusion and exclusion, and recommends ways to engage in democratic politics in a more inclusive way. Processes of debate and decision making often marginalize individuals and groups because the norms of political discussion are biased against some forms of expression. Inclusion and Democracy broadens our understanding of democratic communication by reflecting on the positive political functions of narrative, rhetorically situated appeals, and public protest. It reconstructs concepts of civil society and public sphere as enacting such plural forms of communication among debating citizens in large-scale societies. Iris Marion Young thoroughly discusses class, race, and gender bias in democratic processes, and argues that the scope of a polity should extend as wide as the scope of social and economic interactions that raise issues of justice. Today this implies the need for global democratic institutions. Young also contends that due to processes of residential segregation and the design of municipal jurisdictions, metropolitan governments which preserve significant local autonomy may be necessary to promote political equality. This latest work from one of the world's leading political philosophers will appeal to audiences from a variety of fields, including philosophy, political science, women's studies, ethnic studies, sociology, and communications studies. Contents......Page 10 Introduction......Page 12 1. Challenges for Democracy......Page 14 2. Deep Democracy......Page 16 3. The Approach of Critical Theory......Page 21 4. Thematizing Inclusion......Page 22 5. Situated Conversation......Page 25 1. DEMOCRACY AND JUSTICE......Page 27 1. Two Models of Democracy......Page 29 2. An Ideal Relation between Democracy and Justice......Page 38 3. Ideals of Self-Determination and Self-Development......Page 42 4. Democratic Theory for Unjust Conditions......Page 44 5. Limitations of Some Interpretations of the Deliberative Model......Page 47 2. INCLUSIVE POLITICAL COMMUNICATION......Page 63 1. External and Internal Exclusion......Page 64 2. Greeting, or Public Acknowledgement......Page 68 3. Affirmative Uses of Rhetoric......Page 74 4. Narrative and Situated Knowledge......Page 81 5. Dangers of Manipulation and Deceit......Page 88 3. SOCIAL DIFFERENCE AS A POLITICAL RESOURCE......Page 92 1. Critique of a Politics of Difference......Page 94 2. Social Difference is not Identity......Page 98 3. Structural Difference and Inequality......Page 103 4. Social Groups and Personal Identity......Page 110 5. What is and is not Identity Politics......Page 113 6. Communication across Difference in Public Judgement......Page 119 4. REPRESENTATION AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 132 1. Participation and Representation......Page 135 2. Representation as Relationship......Page 136 3. Anticipating Authorization and Accountability......Page 139 4. Modes of Representation......Page 144 5. Special Representation of Marginalized Groups......Page 152 6. Application of the Argument for Group Representation......Page 159 5. CIVIL SOCIETY AND ITS LIMITS......Page 165 1. The Idea of Civil Society......Page 168 2. Self-Organizing Civil Society......Page 175 3. The Public Sphere......Page 178 4. The Limits of Civil Society......Page 191 5. Associative Democracy......Page 199 6. RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND REGIONAL DEMOCRACY......Page 207 1. Residential Racial Segregation......Page 209 2. The Wrongs of Segregation......Page 215 3. Residential Class Segregation......Page 221 4. Critique of an Ideal of Integration......Page 227 5. Alternative Ideal: Differentiated Solidarity......Page 232 6. Local Participation and Regional Governance......Page 239 7. SELF-DETERMINATION AND GLOBAL DEMOCRACY......Page 247 1. The Nation-State and Obligations of Justice......Page 248 2. Trans-border Justice and Global Governance......Page 257 3. Recognition of Distinct Peoples without Nationalism......Page 262 4. Rethinking Self-Determination......Page 266 5. Global Democracy......Page 276 6. In the Short Term: United Nations Reform......Page 282 References......Page 288 B......Page 306 C......Page 307 F......Page 308 I......Page 309 M......Page 310 N......Page 311 R......Page 312 S......Page 313 V......Page 314 Z......Page 315 Democratic equality entails a principle that everyone whose basic interests are affected by policies should be included in the process of making them. Yet individuals and groups often claim that decision making processes are dominated by only some of the interests and perspectives in the society. What are the ideals of inclusion through which such criticisms should be made, and which might guide more inclusive political practice? This book considers that question from the point of view of norms of democratic communication, processes of representation and association, and how wide the scope of political jurisdictions should be. Democratic theorists have not sufficiently attended to the ways processes of debate and decision making often marginalize individuals and groups because the norms of political discussion are biased against some forms of expression. Inclusion and Democracy broadens our understanding of democratic communication by reflecting on the positive political functions of narrative, rhetorically situated appeals, and public protest. It reconstructs concepts of civil society and public sphere as enacting such plural forms of communication among debating citizens in large-scale societies. The book considers issues of the scope of the polity at two levels: global and local. The scope of a polity should extend as wide as the scope of social and economic interactions that raise issues of justice. Today this implies the need for global democratic institutions. At a more local level, processes of residential segregation and the design of municipal jurisdictions often result in the ability for actions in one locale to affect those in other locales without those making the decisions having to include some of those affected in the decision making process. Metropolitan governments which preserve significant local autonomy may therefore be necessary to promote political equality. Oxford Political Theory presents the best new work in contemporary political theory. It is intended to be broad in scope, including original contributions to political philosophy, and also work in applied political theory. The series will contain works of outstanding quality with no restrictions as to approach subject matter. Series Editors: Will Kymlicka, David Miller, and Alan Ryan ## Abstract Theorists of deliberative democracy have not sufficiently attended to the ways that processes of debate and decision making often marginalize individuals and groups not only because of their lesser social and economic power but also because the norms of political discussion are biased against some forms of expression. Democratic theory should include forms of acknowledgement, narrative, rhetoric, and public protest, along with argument, in its account of the normative ideals of political communication. Inclusive democracy involves more than the formal equality of all individuals and groups to enter the political process, but entails taking special measures to compensate for the social and economic inequalities of unjust social structures. Such special measures may require forms of group representation, in order that the particular social perspective of group members gains voice. Residential segregation poses particular problems for inclusive democracy in many societies. Organizing metropolitan governance systems with diverse representation may respond to such problems. In a globalized world, finally, the project of inclusive democracy involves criticizing adherence to nation‐state sovereignty and creating global level democratic institutions. Democratic equality entails a principle that everyone whose basic interests are affected by policies should be included in the process of making them. Yet people often claim that they are unrepresented. This text explores the ideals of inclusion