In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Drug Delivery Research for Optimum Clinical Outcomes

"This book covers the essentials of drug delivery research and provides a unique forum for scientific experimental methods that are exclusively focused by the in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo methodologies of drug delivery research and felicitates translational research. The book includes recent and novel approaches in evaluation methods of transdermal, nasal, ocular, oral and intraoral, gastro-retentive, colon-targeted, and brain-targeted drug delivery systems. Providing up to date and comprehensive information, this text is invaluable to students, teachers, scientists, and others employed in the field of drug delivery."--Provided by publisher Content: Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface List of Abbreviations Editors Contributors Chapter 1: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Emerging Drug Delivery Scenario: Challenges and Updates 1.1 Introduction 1.2 In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment: Why Is It Needed Particularly for NDDS? 1.2.1 Challenges-In-Vitro Studies 1.2.1.1 Particle Size, Zeta Potential and Stability 1.2.1.2 Dissolution/Release Studies 1.2.2 Challenges-In-Vivo Studies 1.3 In-Vitro Characterization of NDDS 1.3.1 Product Quality Attributes 1.3.1.1 Complexes 1.3.1.2 Conjugates 1.3.1.3 Encapsulated Systems1.3.1.4 Lipid-Based Systems 1.3.2 Product Performance Attributes 1.3.2.1 In-Vitro Drug Release Studies 1.3.2.2 Hemolytic Assay 1.3.2.3 Electrolyte Stability Study 1.3.2.4 Cell Culture Studies 1.3.2.5 Cellular Uptake and Cell Binding Studies 1.3.2.6 In-Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies 1.3.2.7 Oxidative Stress 1.3.2.8 Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction 1.4 In-Vivo Performance Evaluation of NDDS 1.5 Regulatory Guidance 1.6 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Intraoral and Peroral Drug Delivery Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Evaluation of Intraoral Drug Delivery Systems2.2.1 Evaluation of Taste Masking 2.2.2 In-Vitro Mucoadhesion Tests 2.2.3 In-Vitro Dissolution Testing of Intraoral Dosage Forms 2.2.3.1 Dissolution of Sublingual Tablets 2.2.3.2 Dissolution of Chewing Gum 2.2.3.3 Dissolution of Buccal Patches 2.2.3.4 Dissolution of Buccal Films 2.2.3.5 Dissolution of Lozenges 2.2.3.6 Dissolution of Buccal Mucoadhesive Tablets 2.2.4 In-Vitro Drug Permeation Studies 2.2.5 In-Vivo Methods 2.2.5.1 Residence Time 2.2.5.2 Buccal Absorption Test 2.3 Models for Assessing Intestinal Permeability 2.3.1 In-Vitro Methods2.3.1.1 Flow-Through Diffusion Cells 2.3.2 In Situ Models 2.3.2.1 Intestinal Perfusion Circular Perfusion Method Single-Pass Perfusion 2.3.2.2 Intestinal Loop Method 2.3.2.3 Intestinal Vascular Cannulation 2.3.3 In-Vivo Methods 2.3.3.1 Use of X-Ray 2.3.3.2 Use of Gamma Scintigraphy 2.3.3.3 Use of Pharmacoscintigraphy 2.3.3.4 In-Vivo Imaging Systems 2.4 In-Vitro-In-Vivo Correlations References Chapter 3: Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Skin Structure: Anatomy, Physiology and Barrier Functions 3.1.2 Principles and Different Routes of Penetration Across the Skin3.1.2.1 Transepidermal Route 3.1.2.2 Transfollicular Routes 3.2 Factors Affecting Permeation Across the Skin 3.2.1 Physiochemical Factors of Permeant 3.2.2 Formulation Factors 3.2.3 Physiological Factors 3.3 Methods to Enhance Skin Permeability 3.3.1 Passive Methods 3.3.2 Active Methods 3.3.2.1 Iontophoresis 3.3.2.2 Electroporation 3.3.2.3 Sonophoresis and Phonophoresis 3.3.2.4 Magnetophoresis 3.3.2.5 Thermophoresis 3.3.2.6 Skin Abrasion 3.4 Experimental Methods to Assess Skin Permeability