In the footsteps of Abraham Ulrikab : the events of 1880-1881

In the Footsteps of Abraham Ulrikab: The Events of 1880-1881 In August 1880, Abraham and seven other Inuit, aged from 9 months to 50 years old, were recruited by Norwegian Johan Adrian Jacobsen to become the latest exotic attraction in Carl Hagenbeck's ethnographic shows. The group was exhibited in zoos in Hamburg, Berlin, Prague, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Krefeld and Paris. Soon, the Inuit realized their coming to Europe was a mistake and they longed to return home to Labrador. Sadly, none of them did, all eight having been killed by smallpox less than four months after setting foot in Europe. Three of them died in Germany. The remaining five, including Abraham Ulrikab, died in Paris. Abraham was literate and kept a diary. So did Johan Adrian Jacobsen. Even though both diaries survived, to this day, the story remained incomplete. In 2009, France Rivet's reading of the English translation of Abraham's diary left her with many unanswered questions. Where were the Inuit buried? What happened to their remains? Where was the skullcap of one of the Inuit that Jacobsen took after the autopsy and carried, wrapped in his luggage, all the way to Paris? Were the artefacts Jacobsen collected in Labrador graves, and later sold to a Paris museum, still in Paris? Nobody knew. Intrigued, and French being her mother tongue, in 2010, France set out to look for answers. The more she dug, the more riveting the story became, and totally unsuspected facets emerged. Four years and three research trips to Europe later, the book In the Footsteps of Abraham Ulrikab reveals her findings. At last, 133 years after the death of Abraham, Maria, Nuggasak, Paingu, Tigianniak, Tobias, Sara and Ulrike, the events that unfolded in Paris are finally elucidated, and even more extraordinarily, this research has brought to light an opportunity to change the course of Abraham's story. Indeed, his expressed wish to come home to Labrador could eventually become a reality! His remains having been located in Paris along with those of his wife Ulrike, their daughter Maria, young Tobias and the shaman Tigianniak. I do not long for earthly possessions but this is what I long for: to see my relatives again, who are over there... (Abraham, January 8, 1881) It is our dearest hope that this book will provide the Labrador Inuit community with all the information they require to initiate the yet-to-be-written chapter where they will make the decision to repatriate or not the remains of their countrymen. The publication of this book is therefore seen as the catalyst for that decision-making process. May it lead them to eventually closing the loop on this tragic story The story of Abraham Ulrikab is one of the saddest and most moving stories in Nunatsiavut (Labrador), Inuit, and Canadian history. In hopes of improving his family's living conditions, in August 1880, Abraham agreed to head to Europe to become the latest 'exotic' attraction in the ethnographic shows organized by Carl Hagenbeck, a menagerie owner and pioneer of 'human zoos.' Accompanied by his wife, their two young daughters, and a few countrymen, the group of eight was exhibited in zoos in Hamburg, Berlin, Prague, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Krefeld and Paris. Very soon, the Inuit realized their coming to Europe was a mistake and they longed to return home to Labrador."It is too long until the year is over because we would very much like to return to our country, because we are unable to stay here forever, yes indeed, it is impossible!," wrote Abraham in the diary he kept during his journey. Sadly, none of the Inuit saw their homeland again, all were killed by smallpox less than four months after setting foot in Europe. Based on four years of research, the book 'In the Footsteps of Abraham Ulrikab' finally reveals the truth about the fate of the Inuit's remains, and brings to light an opportunity to change the course of history: 134 years after the death of Abraham, Maria, Nuggasak, Paingu, Tigianniak, Tobias, Sara and Ulrike, their wish to come home to Labrador could eventually become a reality! The story of Abraham Ulrikab is one of the saddest and most moving stories in Nunatsiavut (Labrador), Inuit and Canadian history. Hoping to improve his family's living conditions, in August 1880, Abraham agreed to head to Europe to become the latest "exotic" attraction in the ethnographic shows organized by Carl Hagenbeck, a menagerie owner and pioneer of 'human zoos.' Accompanied by his wife, their two young daughters, and a few countrymen, the group of eight was exhibited in zoos in Hamburg, Berlin, Prague, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Krefeld and Paris. Very soon, the Inuit realized their coming to Europe was a mistake and they longed to return home to Labrador. "It is too long until the year is over because we would very much like to return to our country, because we are unable to stay here forever, yes indeed, it is impossible!," wrote Abraham in the diary he kept during his journey. Sadly, none of the Inuit saw their homeland again, all were killed by smallpox less than four months after setting foot in Europe. Based on four years of research, the book In the Footsteps of Abraham Ulrikab finally reveals the truth about the fate of the Inuit's remains, and brings to light an opportunity to change the course of history: 134 years after the death of Abraham, Maria, Nuggasak, Paingu, Tigianniak, Tobias, Sara and Ulrike, their wish to come home to Labrador could eventually become a reality!

The field of multilingual testing and assessment has grown rapidly in recent years due to the widespread need to integrate immigrant populations into mainstream education and to provide fair and equitable forms of assessment for all students. However, a continuing emphasis on bilingual students has created a significant gap in testing and assessment research. This book addresses the need for research and guidance on testing multilingual students: at its heart is the difference between designing multilingual tests and testing multilingual individuals.The author introduces an integrated approach to testing and assessment, a flexible approach that combines information about multilingual learners' knowledge, skills and abilities with information about their language background and living environment. The book provides an overview of existing research conducted with multilingual populations; provides guidelines for test-writers, teachers and educators that outline the steps involved in the design, administration, scoring and interpretation of tests for multiple language speakers; and demonstrates how to use the integrated approach to testing and assessment in a multilingual educational context.