در جستجوی دیوسکوری: تصویر، اسطوره و پرستش: یک «پریگسیس»

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Figures and Maps Foreword Acknowledgements Map 1. Sites discussed in the text, by evidence type Figure 1. Temple of Castor and Pollux, Rome: columns from the first century AD, built on the fifth-century BC temple site, rise above the Sacred Way in the forum. Photo: author. Chapter 1. Starting out: the research and its aims Introducing Kastor and Polydeukes, the Greek Dioskouroi Figure 2a–b. a) Statues of the Dioskouroi, possibly copies of the Greek originals from the fourth century AD, outside the Quirinale, Rome; b) A Dioskouros from the Quirinale group. Photo: author Figure 3a–b. Statues of the Dioskouroi, depicted as cavaliers and wearing piloi, on the Capitoline Hill, Rome, originally erected outside the temple of Castor and Pollux in the Circus Flaminius, from the second century AD. Photo: author. Figure 4. Relief on grey marble from Sparta, c. 575–550 BC. H. 0.71m. W. (max. without protruding snake reliefs) 0.36m. Th. 0.08–0.10m. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 5380. Photo: author. Figure 5. Relief on blue local marble from Sparta, early sixth-century BC. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 575. H. 0.53m. W. 0.50m. See also Fig. 39. Photo: author. Designing the study Methodology The context of past scholarship Figure 6a. Athenian black-figure volute krater, naming Kastor and Polydeukes, from Fonte Rotella near Chiusi, c. 570 BC. H. 66cm. Florence, Museo Archeologico Etrusco 4209. Photo: Florence, Museo Archeologico Etrusco. Figure 6b. As per Fig. 6a. Detail showing Kalydonian boar hunt. H. 5.6cm. Photo: Florence, Museo Archeologico Etrusco. Figure 7. Graffito from Thera, late eighth/early seventh-century BC. Photo: after IG XII 3, 359. Chapter 2. First steps on the journey: searching for the Dioskouroi in Greece from the time of Homer Who were the Dioskouroi? Figure 8a–b. Chian kalyx (26 fragments) from Kyrene, late seventh-century BC. Kyrene, inv. no. CA 06S3US3. H. max. 8cm. W. max. 7.8cm. Th. 0.3cm. The border with the inscription measures 0.9–2.6cm. Photo: after Luni/Marengo, “Dioskourion” figs 7–8. Figure 9a–b. a) Inscribed body sherd of Chian chalice from Naukratis, c. 630–600 BC. London, British Museum 1886, 0401.936. H. 1.1 cm. W. 2.9cm. Th. 0.2cm. b) Inscribed Ionian cup fragment (possibly made in Miletos) from Naukratis, c. 570–530 BC. London, Figure 10. Plinth and feet of limestone statuette from Knidos, early sixth-century BC. London, British Museum 1893, 1113.2 (formerly B 32). Diam. 8.3cm. H. 5.0cm. Photo: British Museum Services. Figure 11. Bronze disk from Kephallenia dedicated to the Dioskouroi, late sixth-century BC. London, British Museum Bronzes 3207. Diam. 16.51cm. Th. 4.0mm. Photo: British Museum Services. Figure 12. Marble stele dedicated by Pleistiades from Sellasia near Sparta, c. 500 BC. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 447. H. 1. 13m. W. 0.58m. Photo: author. Figure 13a–c. Black-figure kylix attributed to the Naukratis Painter from Lavinium c. 560–550 BC. Pomezia, Museo Archeologico Lavinium E 1986. a) the bowl of the vase, showing a theoxenia scene. Diam. 22cm; b) facsimile drawing of the same, after Lavinium Figure 14. Black-figure white ground lekythos from Kamiros, Rhodes, c. 500 BC. London, British Museum 1867, 0506.39 (formerly B633). Diam. 7.7cm. H. 21.8cm. W. 7.6cm. Photo: British Museum Services. Figure 15. Terracotta plaque depicting the Dioskouroi and a theoxenia from Messania near ancient Taras, late fourth-century BC. H. 26cm. W. 23cm. Taranto, Museo Nazionale 4118. Photo: Taranto Museo Nazionale. Figure 16. Athenian red-figure volute krater c. 425–375 BC, attributed to the Talos Painter. Ruvo, Museo Jatta 36933 (previously 1501). Photo: Museo Nazionale Jatta di Ruvo di Puglia, sul concessione del Ministero della Cultura. Figure 17. Incised cartoon on bronze cista from Palestrina, c. 340–320 BC, showing the boxing match between Polydeukes and Amykos. Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia 24787. Photo: Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia Sources for myths of the Dioskouroi: literature, vases, and temple decoration Figure 18. Limestone metope relief depicting the cattle-rustling escapade of Kastor and Polydeukes with Idas and Lynkeus (missing), the Apharetidai, from the so-called Sikyonian treasury at Delphi, sixth-century BC. H. 0.58m. Delphi, Archaeological Museum Figure 19. Limestone metope relief with the first known depiction of the Argo, one of the Tyndaridai mounted left from the so-called Sikyonian treasury at Delphi sixth-century BC. H. 0.58m. Delphi, Archaeological Museum 1324. Photo: École Français D’Athèn Figure 20. Athenian red-figure kalyx krater depicting the Dioskouroi abducting the Leukippides, from Spina, c. 475-425 BC. Ferrara, Museo Archeologico 44893. H. 54.5cm. Photo: Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Ferrara, sul concessione del Ministero della Cu Figure 21. Athenian red-figure hydria signed by the potter Meidias, depicting the rape of the Leukippides in the upper register, from Tarquinia, c. 410-400 BC London, British Museum 1772,0320.30+ (formerly E 224). H. 52cm. W. 47.3cm. Photo: British Museum Figure 22. Athenian black-figure amphora signed by Exekias as both potter and painter from Vulci c. 540 BC. H. 61cm (without lid). Vatican City, Museo Gregoriano Etrusco Vaticano 16757. Photo: Museo Gregoriano Etrusco Vaticano. Images of the Dioskouroi from Greece Figure 23. Possible base of a lead figurine from Zagora, c. seventh-century BC. Andros, Archaeological Museum 1238. H. c. 1.5cm. × W. c. 1.5cm. Photo: after A. Cambitoglou et al., Zagora 2 (Athens 1988) pl. 281 (b). Figure 24. Kotyle fragment from Perachora, c. 600 BC. Athens, Archaeological Museum. Photo: after Payne/Dunbabin Perachora 2 no. 2469 pl. 163. Figure 25a–b. a) Athenian black-figure lebes fragments from Smyrna, attributed to the Sophilos Painter, c. 600-550 BC. Izmir, Archaeological Museum 3332. Photo: after G. Bakir, Sophilos: ein Beitrag zu seinem Stil (Mainz 1981) taf. 40. b) Detail of 25a. Photo: after G. Bakir, Sophilos: ein Beitrag zu seinem Stil (Mainz 1981) taf. 45. Figure 26. Athenian red-figure bell krater attributed to the painter Polion depicting the birth of Helen from an egg, while her mother Leda and her mortal husband look on, as do her brothers the Dioskouroi from beside the statue of their father Zeus, from Figure 27. Marble votive stele from Larisa, second-century BC. H. 64.5cm. W. 40.5cm. Thickness 14.4cm. Paris, Musée du Louvre MA746. Photo: Marie-Lan Nguyen (2011), CC-BY-2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15852900 Buildings and sacred space Map 2. Pre-Roman buildings and shrines associated with the Dioskouroi, by category of evidence. Map: author. Summing up Figure 28. View of the River Eurotas in Lakonia from the Spartan Menelaion, winding north in the direction of Mt. Lykaion. Kastor and Polydeukes were said by Theognis and Aristophanes to have galloped on its banks. Photo: author. Chapter 3. The Dioskouroi at home: in the Peloponnese An introductory tour Figure 29. Tile stamps from Geraki dated no later than the second century BC. Excavation inventory nos 4450/SF1 and 4500/SF1. Unbroken size of stamp: H. 4.5cm . W. 3.9cm. Photo: after J.H. Crouwel et al., “Geraki. An acropolis site in Lakonia. Preliminary Figure 30. Plans of the rectangular structure/putative sanctuary associated with the the Dioskouroi at Epidauros, c. mid-fourth century BC: actual and restored. G.Roux L’architecture de L’Argolide Fig. 70. Photo: École Français d’Athènes. Figure 31. The Menelaion looking towards the Taygetos range. Photo: author. Sparta The literary evidence for cult Pausanias at Sparta Figure 32. General Plan of Ancient Sparta, as Pausanias might have seen it. Photo: After Kourinou Sparta Fig. 5; repr. Kaltsas Athens-Sparta Fig. 1. Map 3. Map of ancient Sparta and environs, showing the main find-places for archaeological evidence associated with the Dioskouroi mentioned in the text. Map: author. The archaeological evidence for sacred space at Sparta Figure 33. Side view of bronze pyriform aryballos from the Menelaion, first half of the seventh-century BC. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 14742. H. 7.5 cm. Base diam. 1.1 cm. Rim diam. 3.5 cm. Photo: after N. Kaltsas, Athens-Sparta (Athens 2006) 177 no Figure 34. Top view of bronze pyriform aryballos from the Menelaion. Photo: after N. Kaltsas, Athens-Sparta (Athens 2006) 177 no. 80. Figure 35. Lead plaque from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, Sparta, c. 700 BC. H. 6-7cm [2-3 inches in the original record]. Photo: after Dawkins Orthia pl. CXCIV no. 41. Figure 36. Reconstructed clay akroterion statue from the temple of Zeus at Lokri Marafioti, early fifth-century BC. Reggio di Calabria, Museo Nazionale di Magna Graecia 10475. H. 1.28m. L. 1.58m. W. 0.58m. [Base: L. 1.23m W. 0.495m]. Photo: after Palagia Figure 37. Reconstructed marble relief from Kalyvia Sokhas near Sparta, late fifth/early fourth-century BC. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 9711. H. at the preserved rhs edge 0.51m. W. 0.51m. Photo: author. Votive reliefs and inscriptions Figure 38. Argive krater from Argos, seventh-century BC. Argos, Archaeological Museum 201. H. 47.3cm. Photo: École Français D’Athènes/Émile Sérafis. Figure 39. Angled photograph of Fig. 4, showing the flat and shallow relief work, to a depth of 0.05 cm. Photo: author. Figure 40. Part of a limestone votive relief from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta, early sixth-century BC. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 1991. H. 0.13 m. W. 0.25m. Photo: author. Figure 41. Late fifth-/early fourth-century BC blue marble stele from Sparta. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 613. H. 0.82m. W. 0.49m. Photo: author. Figure 42. Detail of Fig. 12, showing inscription IG V 1, 919. Photo: author. Figure 43. Local stone relief stele from Sparta, second-century BC. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 319. H. 0.37m. W. 0.40m. Photo: author. Figure 44. Bluish marble relief stele from Riviotissa, Sparta, fifth-century BC. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 588. H. 0.44m. W. 0.34m. Photo: author. Figure 45. Detail from Egyptian limestone false doors from the tomb of Tjetji, Giza, fourth dynasty. London, British Museum EA157. H. (of each false door) 2.52m. W. 2.085-2.185m. Photo: British Museum Services. Figure 46a–b. a) Limestone sarcophagus with relief false doors on the short side, Peieia-Maa, Hellenistic period (second/first century BC), H. 97cm. Max. L. (base) 178cm. Max. L. (roof) 190cm. W. (base) 60m. W. ( roof) 57 cm. W. (box) 48cm. Paphos Archaeo Figure 47. Marble relief stele possibly from Pephnos, second-century BC. Verona, Museo Maffeiano 555. H. 0.42m. W. 0.75m. D. 0.08-0.10m. Photo: after T. Ritti, Iscrizioni e rilievi greci nel Museo Maffeiano di Verona (Rome 1981) 58 cat. no. 23. Figure 48. Inscribed marble relief stele from Sparta, second-century AD. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 844. H. 0.74m. W. 0.46m. Photo: Sparta Archaeological Museum. Figure 49. Gable topped limestone relief stele from Aigeira, Achaia, c. 400-350 BC. H. 0.46m. W. 0.305m. Athens, National Museum. Photo: National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Figure 50. Inscribed bluish marble relief stele from southern Sparta, first-century BC. H. 0.70m. W. 0.48m. Sparta, Archaeological Museum SM 201. Photo: author. Characteristics of the Dioskouroi at Sparta Figure 51. View of ancient Messene from the temple of Eileithuia on mount Ithome. Photo: author. Messene The archaeological and literary context Figure 52. Site plan of ancient Messene, showing the position of building Ω-Ω. Photo: after Luraghi Ancient Messenians 274 fig. 7. Sources for history and cult at Messene before Epaminondas: interpreting Pausanias A Messenian mythography of the Dioskouroi The archaeological evidence for cult of the Dioskouroi Figure 53. Plan of building Ω-Ω, ancient Messene. The find places of two bronze shields, one dedicated to Polydeukes (Fig. 58), are marked in compartment 9. Photo: after Themelis “Dioscouri” 159 fig. 1. Figure 54. Terracotta votive plaque from building Ω-Ω at Messene, late seventh-century BC. Messene, Archaeological Museum 2188. Photo: after Themelis Messene fig. 79. Figure 55. Terracotta votive triad statuette from building Ω-Ω at Messene, late seventh-century BC. Messene, Archaeological Museum. Photo: after Themelis Messene fig. 78. Sanctuary Ω–Ω and the Dioskouroi Figure 56a–c. Parts of a relief from the Roman theatre at Messene, fifth-century BC. Messene, Archaeological Museum: a) 12272 and 15271; b) 12272; c) 15271. Fragment 56a H. 0.28m. W. 0.295m. D. 0. 0.11m.Photos: author. Figure 57. Marble votive relief from ancient Messene, unrecorded location, third-century BC. Messene, Archaeological Museum 267. Photo: author. Figure 58. Bronze shield, with inscription IG V 1, 1426, dedicated to Polydeukes from building Ω-Ω at Messene, late fourth/early third-century BC. Messene, Archaeological Museum (in repair). Photo: after Themelis “Dioscouri” 161 fig. 2. Figure 59. View of Argos from the sanctuary of Apollo Pythaieus, the Larissa hill rising on the right. Photo: author. Argos The literary record Figure 60. Reverse of Argive dupondius minted under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus c. 161-169 AD. Photo: after Flament Monnayage argien 86 fig. 53. Figure 61. The Argolid plain with main ancient and modern sites, showing the original shoreline c. 2500 BC. Photo: École Français D’Athènes. The equestrian images of the Dioskouroi at Argos Figure 62. Copper coin minted under Septimius Severus c. 193-211 AD. The Danish royal collection of coins and medals SNG (Copenhagen) s.v. Laconia. Argolis: Argos no. 99, plate 2 no. 100 (sic). Photo: after LIMC 3, 2 s.v. Dioskouroi no. 14. The archaeological evidence Figure 63. Plan of Argos town centre, showing main excavated sites including the theatre. Photo: École Français D’Athènes. Figure 64. Plan of the excavated theatre at Argos. Photo: École Français D’Athènes. Cult of the Fanakes and the Dioskouroi at Argos The cavalier relief Figure 65a–c. a) Cavalier relief on orthostat inset in south parodos wall of part-Hellenistic theatre at Argos, third-century BC or later. H. 0.47m. W. 0.78m. b) showing the position of the orthostat; c) showing location of inscription above with letterin Figure 66. Roman relief in the flat style from Argos. Argos, Archaeological Museum E192. Photo: author. Cult of the Dioskouroi at Argos and in the Argolid Figure 67. View of the site of Mesa Vouno from Kamari. The 'agors of the gods' where a seventh-century BC graffito naming the Dioskouroi was found, lies above the daunting cliff-face. Photo: author. Chapter 4. The Dioskouroi abroad: some early appearances in the eastern Mediterranean An introduction Thera Figure 68. Plan of the excavated site at Mesa Vouno, Thera, The area Hiller von Gaertringen named the ‘agora of the gods’, and where he found the Dioskouroi graffito, is shaded in blue. The ‘temenos of Artemidoros' is marked in green not far beyond the Pt Figure 69a–b. a) Photograph of graffito dedication to Zeus from Thera: IG XII 3, 350. b) Transcription of graffito dedication to Zeus from Thera: IG XII 3, 350. Photos: after Inglese Thera Arcaica 455. Figure 70a. Drawing of the altar of the Dioskouroi in the temenos of Artemidoros, late third-century BC, IG XII, 3 422/1333. Photo: after Thera III 92 fig. 75. Figure 70b. The temenos of Artemidoros at Mesa Vouno, with the altar of the Dioskouroi on the far right. Photo: author. Figure 71. Local stone votive relief dedicated to Trophonios from Livadia, Boeotia, fourth-century BC. H. 0.33m. W. 0.93m. Athens, Archaeological Museum 3942. Photo: after Kaltsas NM Sculpture no. 448. Figure 72. View from the sanctuary of Apollo to the western end of the acropolis ridge at Kyrene, looking towards the sea. Photo: after M. Luni, Cirene “Atene d’Africa” (Rome 2006) 33 fig. 28. Kyrene The literary evidence for cult of the Dioskouroi The archaeological evidence for a sanctuary of the Dioskouroi at Kyrene Figure 73a–b. a) Plan of Kyrene. showing the sanctuary of the Dioskouroi in relation to the wider site; b) The sanctuary of the Dioskouroi and putative hestiatorion are shaded in blue. Photo: after Luni Cirene e la Cirenaica nell’antichità Fig.1 (with add Figure 74. Roman marble head from the agora area at Kyrene, late second/early third-century AD. London. British Museum BM 1861, 1127.59. H. 24cm. Photo: British Museum Services. Figure 75. Marble architectural sculpture from Kyrene, unrecorded location, probably Roman. Photo: after Luni/Marengo “Dioskourion” fig. 9. Figure 76a–b. a) Plan of the excavated temple building, putatively identified as a Dioskourion, abutting a further building identified as a hestiatorion in the agora at Kyrene, part seventh-century BC. b) Photo of the excavated Dioskourion building. Photo A Dioskourion at Kyrene? Figure 77a–b. a) Excavated buildings to the west of the theatre at Kyrene, showing the putative hestiatorion with the Dioskourion at the left. b) Plan of the same. Photos: after M. Montanari, “Un hestiatorion nel santuario dei Dioscuri a Cirene” in Luni C The Dioskouroi, Dioskoureia and dining Kyrene, Sparta and Thera The provenance of cults of the Dioskouroi at Kyrene Figure 78. Pottery lamp with dedication to Dioskouroi from Naukratis, locally made, c. 525-475 BC. London, British Museum 1900.2-14.18. Outer diam. 15cm. H. 3.40cm. L. 11.60cm. Photo: British Museum Services. Naukratis Figure 79. Plan of excavated site at Naukratis from the seventh to the third-centuries BC. Photo: after Möller Naukratis fig. 1. Figure 80. Plan of a portion of the north-west area of the excavated site at Naukratis, 600-400 BC, showing the temenos of the Dioskouroi, including the temple in antis. Photo: after Möller Naukratis fig. 2. Cult of the Dioskouroi at Naukratis: gathering the evidence The pottery finds A temple of the Dioskouroi? Interpreting the finds Summing up Figure 81. View of the archaeological site at Aliki on Thasos. Photo: Shutterstock stock photo ID: 2416511973. Thasos Figure 82. Relief dedicated by Pola to the Dioskouroi, second-century AD. Thasos, Archaeological Museum 22. H. 0.32m. Photo: École Français D’Athènes/Bernard Holtzmann. Figure 83. Part relief of the Dioskouroi with Helen or a dedicant, possibly first-century BC. Thasos, Archaeological Museum 145. Photo: École Français D’Athènes/Émile Sérafis. Figure 84. Thasian amphora stamp from the agora in Athens (SS4974), Hellenistic. Stamp size: H. c. 3cm. W c. 1..5cm. Photo: after F. Salviat, “Religion populaire et timbres amphoriques” BCH 88/2 (1964) fig. 8. Figure 85. General view of Delos from Mount Kynthos looking towards Rheneia. The putative Diskourion lies further along the shoreline to the left (south). Photo: Vijnn Wikimedia Commons. Delos Overview The evidence for cult The evidence for a Dioskourion Figure 86. Map of Delos. Photo: after Robert ‘Trois Sanctuaires’ fig. 1. Figure 87. Plan of building GD 123. Photo: École Français D’Athènes. Additional material evidence for cult of the Dioskouroi on Delos Figure 88a–c. Details of Archaic votive equestrian statue, Delos. DM A4098. Dimensions*: Horse. 113x43x30cm. Rider. 36x30x30cm. Photo: École Français D’Athènes/Philippe Collet. Figure 89a–b. Front and back view of Archaic votive equestrian statue DM A4102. Dimensions*: 41.2x28x14cm. Photo: École Français D’Athènes/Philippe Collet. Cult of the Dioskouroi on Delos The evidence from Delos in the wider context Chapter 5. Journey’s end Drawing together the threads Summing up: reflections on the journey Bibliography Reference works and abbreviations Journals and abbreviations Websites and abbreviations Museum references Ancient Sources: a note on the use of abbreviations, translations, editions and commentaries LIMC citations General bibliography: Abbreviations Index