Imposing Sanctions on Violent Non-State Actors to Restore International Peace and Security : A Systematic Analysis of the Conditions Under Which UN Targeted Sanctions Work

"In the last decades, violent non-state actors (VNSAs) such as rebel and terrorist organizations have proved their capacity to break international law. The international community, particularly the United Nations (UN), has reacted to this development by redirecting its conflict resolution efforts to these non-state entities. This has turned targeted sanctions into one of the most vital and indispensable foreign policy tools available to the UN Security Council in combating terrorism and contributing to the peaceful resolution of (intra-state) conflicts. Despite the UN Security Councils growing tendency to sanction VNSAs, there has been little research analyzing the effects of UN targeted sanctions on these non-government actors. This book seeks to fill this gap and shifts the focus on non-state actors by ascertaining the general mechanisms through and conditions under which UN targeted sanctions imposed on VNSAs tend to be effective. The tripartite empirical analysis combining quantitative and qualitative research methods demonstrates that the state-centric understanding of how sanctions work is not simply applicable to the effective sanctioning of violent non-state actors such as rebel and terrorist movements. About the author: Christopher Huber is a Research Fellow associated with the GIGA German Institute for Global and Area Studies in Hamburg. His research focuses on international sanctions, counterterrorism and religious conflicts"--Page 4 of cover Acknowledgements Contents Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 2 International Sanctions as a Policy Instrument to Address Challenges to International Peace and Security 2.1 Do International Sanctions Work? 2.2 The Determinants of Sanctions Effectiveness 2.3 The Purposes of International Sanctions 3 The United Nations as a Sanctioning Organization 3.1 The Evolution of UN Targeted Sanctions 3.2 Legal Framework of UN Targeted Sanctions 3.3 Types of UN Targeted Sanctions 3.4 Policy Goals Behind the Imposition of UN Targeted Sanctions 4 Conceptual and Methodological Challenges in the Study of Sanctions Effectiveness 4.1 Diverging Definitions and Dimensions of Effectiveness 4.2 The Attribution Problem 4.3 Other Conceptual and Methodological Challenges 5 Theorizing the Effective Sanctioning of Violent Non-State Actors 6 Empirical Strategy 7 Quantitative Analysis I 7.1 Data 7.2 Methodology 7.3 Dependent Variable 7.4 Independent Variables 7.5 Control Variable 7.6 Empirical Findings 7.6.1 The Effectiveness of UN Sanctions Targeted on Violent Non-State Actors 7.6.2 Testing the Determinants of UN Targeted Sanctions’ Effectiveness in Coercing 7.6.3 Testing the Determinants of UN Targeted Sanctions’ Effectiveness in Constraining 8 Qualitative Analysis 8.1 Case Selection 8.2 Methodology 8.3 Empirical Findings 8.3.1 Case Study Coercing—UN Sanctions Against Sudan’s Justice and Equality Movement 8.3.2 Case Study Constraining—UN Sanctions Against Somalia’s Al-Shabaab 8.4 New Hypotheses Generated from Studying the Deviant Cases 9 Quantitative Analysis II 9.1 Operationalization of Additional Variables 9.2 Descriptive Analysis of Additional Variables 9.3 Final Analysis of the Factors Determining UN Targeted Sanctions’ Effectiveness in Coercing 9.4 Final Analysis of the Factors Determining UN Targeted Sanctions’ Effectiveness in Constraining 9.5 Testing the Robustness of the Quantitative Results 10 Conclusion 10.1 Empirical Findings and Gaps for Future Research 10.2 Recommendations for Future UN Sanctions Policy Bibliography