Impacts of Climate and Human Activities on Water Resources and Quality: Integrated Regional Assessment (Springer Geography)

With the rapid increase of world population, the global water shortage is set to be the major crises of the twenty-first century; that is, population dynamics (growth, age distribution, urbanization and migration) create pressures on freshwater resources due to the increased water demands and pollution. Moreover, water resources management faces a new uncertainty- i.e. the potential for longer-term and more persistent climate change nowadays, which, in coming years, may significantly affect the availability of supply and patterns of water demand. This book mainly focuses on the impact of climate change and human activities on water quality and water resources in Asia Countries. It begins by describing the characteristics of water related disasters in the world. Then, the book analyzes the changes of floods and associated socio-economic damages for whole China over the last century, and assesses water quality and pollution source for the Yangtze River Basin, suggesting water-related disasters would become more intense, longer lasting, and/or more frequent in a future warmer climate. Then, after investigating spatiotemporal trends and causes of water quality and water quality incidents (Chapter 4) and precipitation extreme events (Chapter 5) in Japan, subsequent two chapters mainly evaluate the climate and human impacts on precipitation variations, water quality and water resources in the Hokkaido area. The final chapter comprehensively analyzes climate change impacts on water resources in the Aral Sea Basin, and then estimate the water requirements and water deficits for irrigation, future agricultural yields of seven major crops, and land and water productivity in four provinces of Turkmenistan considering climate change, population growth, and three socio-economic development scenarios. All results obtained from this book may provide a means to reduce water quality incidents and mitigate future negative impacts by adapting water management. Furthermore, the improved methods for water quality modeling in data scarce regions are transferable to other study areas and applicable in future research. Foreword Acknowledgements Parts of this monograph have been published in the following journal articles:Weili Duan, Bin He, Daniel Nover, Jingli Fan, Guishan Yang, Wen Chen, Huifang Meng, Floods and associated socioeconomic damages in China over the last century, Natural Hazards, 82 (1): 401–413, 2016.Weili Duan, Bin He, Daniel Nover, Guishan Yang, Wen Chen, Huifang Meng, Shan Zou, Chuanming Liu. Water Quality Assessment and Pollution Source Identification of the Eastern Poyang Lake Basin Using Multivariate Statistical Methods, Sustainability, 8(2): 133, 2016.Weili Duan, Bin He, Kaoru Takara, Pingping Luo, Daniel Nover, Netrananda Sahu, Yosuke Yamashiki, Spatiotemporal evaluation of water quality incidents in Japan between 1996 and 2007. Chemosphere, 93(6): 946–953. 2013.Weili Duan, Bin He, Kaoru Takara, Pingping Luo, Maochuan Hu, Nor Eliza Alias, Daniel Nover. Changes of precipitation amounts and extremes over Japan between 1901 and 2012 and their connection to climate indices, Climate Dynamics, 45(7): 2273–2292, 2015.Duan, W., He, B., Chen, Y., Zou, S., Wang, Y., Nover, D., Chen, W., Yang, G. Identification of long-term trends and seasonality in high-frequency water quality data from the Yangtze River basin, China. Plos One, 13, e188889, 2018.Weili Duan, Bin He, Netrananda Sahu, Pingping Luo, Daniel Nover, Maochuan Hu, and Kaoru Takara. Spatiotemporal variability of Hokkaido’s seasonal precipitation in recent decades and connection to water vapor flux, International Journal of Climatology, 37 (9), 3660–3673, 2017.Weili Duan, Kaoru Takara, Bin He, Pingping Luo, Daniel Nover, Yosuke Yamashiki, Spatial and temporal trends in estimates of nutrient and suspended sediment loads in the Ishikari River, Japan, 1985 to 2010, Science of the Total Environment, 461: 499–508, 2013.Weili Duan, Kaoru Takara, Bin He, Pingping Luo, Daniel Nover, and Maochuan Hu. Modeling suspended sediment sources and transport in the Ishikari River basin, Japan using SPARROW, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19, 1293–1306, 2015.Weili Duan Bin He, Kaoru Takara, Pingping Luo, Daniel Nover, and Maochuan Hu. Impacts of climate change on the hydro-climatology of the upper Ishikari river basin, Japan. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76 (14): 490, 2017.Weili Duan, Yaning Chen, Shan Zou, and Daniel Nover. Managing the water-climate-food nexus for sustainable development in Turkmenistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220: 212–224, 2019. Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Organization of this Book References 2 Extreme Precipitation Events, Floods, and Associated Socio-Economic Damages in China in Recent Decades 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data and Methods 2.2.1 Study Area and Data Sources 2.2.2 Methods 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Changes of Extreme Precipitation Events 2.3.2 Changes of Flooding Frequency 2.3.3 Impacts on Agriculture 2.3.4 Distribution Variations 2.4 Discussions 2.5 Conclusions References 3 Changes of Water Quality in the Yangtze River Basin 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Materials and Methods 3.2.1 Study Area 3.2.2 Monitored Parameters and Analytical Methods 3.2.3 Multivariate Statistical Methods 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Water Quality in Yangtze River Basin 3.3.2 Water Quality in Eastern Poyang Lake Basin 3.4 Discussions 3.5 Conclusions References 4 Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Water Quality and Water Quality Incidents Over Japan 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Regional Divisions 4.2.2 Datasets 4.2.3 Methods 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Changes of Water Quality 4.3.2 Changes of the Incidents Over Time 4.3.3 Results of Pollutant Category 4.3.4 Results of Cause 4.4 Impacts of Water Pollution 4.4.1 Changes in Different Water Supply Establishments 4.4.2 Water Supply by Offensive Tastes and Odors 4.5 Discussions 4.6 Conclusions References 5 Assessment of Precipitation Amounts and Climate Extremes in Japan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Data and Methods 5.2.1 Datasets and Quality Control 5.2.2 Selected Extreme Precipitation Indices 5.2.3 Area Averaging and Trend Calculation 5.2.4 Comparisons to SSTs 5.2.5 Atmospheric Circulation Analysis 5.3 Results and Discussions 5.3.1 Precipitation Amounts and Trends 5.3.2 Relations with SSTs 5.3.3 Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation 5.4 Conclusions References 6 Precipitation Changes in Hokkaido and Future Water Resources in Its Main Rivers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and Methods 6.2.1 Study Area 6.2.2 Data 6.2.3 Methods 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.3.1 Precipitation Changes in Hokkaido 6.3.2 SWAT Calibration and Validation 6.3.3 Climate Projects 6.3.4 Impacts on Water Flow 6.4 Discussions 6.5 Conclusions References 7 Estimation of Nutrient and Suspended Sediment Loads in the Ishikari River 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Study Area and Datasets 7.2.1 Study Area and Data Collection 7.3 Statistical Methods 7.3.1 Streamflow Extension 7.3.2 Loads Estimation 7.3.3 Trend Analysis 7.4 Modeling Tools 7.4.1 SPARROW Model 7.4.2 Input Data 7.5 Results 7.5.1 Streamflow Extension 7.5.2 Regression Evaluation 7.5.3 Estimated Loads 7.5.4 Trends of the Estimated Yearly Loads of TN, TP, and SS 7.5.5 Results of SPARROW SS Model 7.6 Discussions 7.6.1 Large Loads of TN, TP, and SS at Site Yishikarikakou-bashi 7.6.2 Decreasing Trends of TN, TP, and SS Loads 7.7 Conclusions References 8 The Aral Sea Basin Crisis and Future Water–Climate–Food Nexus in Turkmenistan 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Data and Methods 8.2.1 Study Area 8.2.2 Datasets 8.2.3 Methodology 8.3 Results 8.3.1 Changes of Water Resources in the Aral Sea Basin 8.3.2 Future River Runoff in Amu Darya River 8.3.3 Future Water–Climate–Food Nexus in Turkmenistan 8.4 Discussions 8.5 Conclusions References With the rapid increase of world population, the global water shortage is set to be the major crisis of the twenty-first century; that is, population dynamics (growth, age distribution, urbanization and migration) create pressures on freshwater resources due to the increased water demands and pollution. Moreover, water resources management faces a new uncertainty- i.e. the potential for longer-term and more persistent climate change nowadays, which, in coming years, may significantly affect the availability of supply and patterns of water demand. This book mainly focuses on the impact of climate change and human activities on water quality and water resources in Asian countries. It begins by describing the characteristics of water related disasters in the world. Then, the book analyzes the changes of floods and associated socio-economic damages for whole China over the last century, and assesses water quality and pollution source for the Yangtze River Basin, suggesting water-related disasters would become more intense, longer lasting, and/or more frequent in a future warmer climate. Then, after investigating spatiotemporal trends and causes of water quality and water quality incidents (Chapter 4) and precipitation extreme events (Chapter 5) in Japan, subsequent two chapters mainly evaluate the climate and human impacts on precipitation variations, water quality and water resources in the Hokkaido area. The final chapter comprehensively analyzes climate change impacts on water resources in the Aral Sea Basin, and then estimate the water requirements and water deficits for irrigation, future agricultural yields of seven major crops, and land and water productivity in four provinces of Turkmenistan considering climate change, population growth, and three socio-economic development scenarios. All results obtained from this book may provide a means to reduce water quality incidents and mitigate future negative impacts by adapting water management. Furthermore, the improved methods for water quality modeling in data scarce regions are transferable to other study areas and applicable in future research With the rapid increase of world population, the global water shortage is set to be the major crises of the twenty-first century; that is, population dynamics (growth, age distribution, urbanization and migration) create pressures on freshwater resources due to the increased water demands and pollution. Moreover, water resources management faces a new uncertainty- i.e. the potential for longer-term and more persistent climate change nowadays, which, in coming years, may significantly affect the availability of supply and patterns of water demand. This book mainly focuses on the impact of climate change and human activities on water quality and water resources in Asia Countries. It begins by describing the characteristics of water related disasters in the world. Then, the book analyzes the changes of floods and associated socio-economic damages for whole China over the last century, and assesses water quality and pollution source for the Yangtze River Basin, suggesting water-related disasters would become more intense, longer lasting, and/or more frequent in a future warmer climate. Then, after investigating spatiotemporal trends and causes of water quality and water quality incidents (Chapter 4) and precipitation extreme events (Chapter 5) in Japan, subsequent two chapters mainly evaluate the climate and human impacts on precipitation variations, water quality and water resources in the Hokkaido area. The final chapter comprehensively analyzes climate change impacts on water resources in the Aral Sea Basin, and then estimate the water requirements and water deficits for irrigation, future agricultural yields of seven major crops, and land and water productivity in four provinces of Turkmenistan considering climate change, population growth, and three socio-economic development scenarios. All results obtained from this book may provide a means to reduce water quality incidents and mitigate future negative impacts by adapting water management. Furthermore, the improve d methods for water quality modeling in data scarce regions are transferable to other study areas and applicable in future research With The Rapid Increase Of World Population, The Global Water Shortage Is Set To Be The Major Crises Of The Twenty-first Century; That Is, Population Dynamics (growth, Age Distribution, Urbanization And Migration) Create Pressures On Freshwater Resources Due To The Increased Water Demands And Pollution. Moreover, Water Resources Management Faces A New Uncertainty- I.e. The Potential For Longer-term And More Persistent Climate Change Nowadays, Which, In Coming Years, May Significantly Affect The Availability Of Supply And Patterns Of Water Demand. This Book Mainly Focuses On The Impact Of Climate Change And Human Activities On Water Quality And Water Resources In Asia Countries. It Begins By Describing The Characteristics Of Water Related Disasters In The World. Then, The Book Analyzes The Changes Of Floods And Associated Socio-economic Damages For Whole China Over The Last Century, And Assesses Water Quality And Pollution Source For The Eastern Poyang Lake Basin, Suggesting Water-related Disasters Would Become More Intense, Longer Lasting, And/or More Frequent In A Future Warmer Climate. Then, After Investigating Spatiotemporal Trends And Causes Of Water Quality Incidents (chapter 4) And Precipitation Extreme Events (chapter 5) In Japan, Subsequent 4 Chapters Mainly Evaluate The Climate And Human Impacts On Precipitation Variations, Water Quality And Water Resources In The Hokkaido Area. The Final Chapter Comprehensively Estimate The Water Requirements And Water Deficits For Irrigation, Future Agricultural Yields Of Seven Major Crops, And Land And Water Productivity In Four Provinces Of Turkmenistan Considering Climate Change, Population Growth, And Three Socio-economic Development Scenarios. All Results Obtained From This Book May Provide A Means To Reduce Water Quality Incidents And Mitigate Future Negative Impacts By Adapting Water Management. Furthermore, The Improved Methods For Water Quality Modeling In Data Scarce Regions Are Transferable To Other Study Areas And Applicable In Future Research.