Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease : Emerging Roles of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Immune Support

Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease: Emerging Roles of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Immune Support provides a comprehensive description of the various pathways by which our immune system works, the signals that trigger immune response and how foods can be used to contain inflammation and boost immunity. This book addresses the role of dietary nutrients in playing a balancing role between host defense and immune support, focusing on new and novel nutraceuticals and functional foods. The first three sections address the various aspects of activation of the immune system. The fourth section deals with the ramifications of a robust and excessive inflammatory response. The final section is focused on the association between nutrition and immunity and how deficiencies in certain nutrients may affect immunocompetence. The conclusion section collates the earlier chapters and discusses paradigm shifts in the field whereby new futuristic directions are also envisioned.;Front Cover; Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; List of Contributors; Preface; I. Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems: Components and Regulation; 1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Barriers and Receptor-Based Recognition; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Components of the Immune Response (External and Internal Elements); 1.3 The Innate Immune System (Cell Types, Signaling); 1.4 Inflammation and Innate Immunity; 1.5 Induction of Adaptive Immunity (Antigen Presentation as a Key Event); 1.6 Cell Types in the Adaptive Immune Response Front Cover Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease Copyright Page Dedication Contents List of Contributors Preface I. Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems: Components and Regulation 1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Barriers and Receptor-Based Recognition 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Components of the Immune Response (External and Internal Elements) 1.3 The Innate Immune System (Cell Types, Signaling) 1.4 Inflammation and Innate Immunity 1.5 Induction of Adaptive Immunity (Antigen Presentation as a Key Event) 1.6 Cell Types in the Adaptive Immune Response 1.7 Crosstalk Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses1.8 The Vascular Endothelium as a Converging Site for Both Innate and Adaptive Immunity 1.9 Chronic Diseases of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems 1.10 Improving Immunity for Prevention and Care 1.11 Summary References 2 Innate Immunity at Birth: Implications for Inflammation and Infection in Newborns 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Microbiome in Shaping the Newborn Immune System 2.3 Mucosal Immunity at Birth 2.4 The Innate Immune Cells of the Newborn 2.4.1 Neonatal Neutrophils 2.4.2 Neonatal Monocytes 2.4.3 Neonatal Macrophages2.4.4 Neonatal Dendritic Cells 2.4.5 Neonatal Natural Killer (NK) Cells 2.5 Soluble Plasma Components 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Redox Signaling and the Onset of the Inflammatory Cascade 3.1 Introduction 3.2 ROS Generation During the Onset of the Inflammatory Cascade 3.3 Redox Control of Inflammatory Mediators 3.4 Redox Control of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Transcription Factors 3.5 Emerging Role of Peroxiredoxins in the Onset of the Inflammatory Cascade 3.6 Conclusions and Perspectives References II. Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress and Immune Cell Activation4 Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Damage and Cell Death 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Endogenous ROS Production 4.3 Exogenous ROS Production 4.4 Physiological Role of Reactive Oxygen Species 4.5 Oxidative Stress 4.6 Oxidative Damage is Outcome of Oxidative Stress 4.7 Cell Death 4.8 Conclusions References 5 Mitochondrial ROS and T Cell Activation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Reactive Oxygen Species 5.3 Sources of Mitochondrial ROS 5.4 Regulation of mROS 5.5 Targets of mROS 5.6 Mitochondrial ROS in T Cell Activation 5.7 SummaryReferences 6 Overcoming Oxidants and Inflammation: Endothelial Targeting of Antioxidants to Combat Chronic Inflammatory Disease 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Inflammation and Disease 6.2.1 Vascular Endothelium, Reactive Species, and Inflammatory Agents 6.2.2 Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation 6.3 Antioxidants as therapeutics 6.4 Antioxidant Targeting Strategies 6.5 Nanocarrier-Mediated Delivery of Antioxidants 6.5.1 Liposomes 6.5.2 Polymer Nanocarriers 6.5.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 6.5.4 Lipid Nanoparticles and Complexes 6.6 Conclusions References Immunity and Inflammation in Health and Disease: Emerging Roles of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Immune Support provides a comprehensive description of the various pathways by which the vertebrate immune system works, the signals that trigger immune response and how fnew and novel nutraceuticals and functional foods, can be used to contain inflammation and also to boost immunity and immune health. Inflammation is a tool to fight pathogens and the vertebrate immune system has a very complex network of cells to achieve this. However inflammation that goes awry is also the leding cause of several diseases ranging from cardiovascular diseases to diabetes. This book covers the entire gamut from the various cellular players in the inflammation-immune response to its ramifications in terms of protection against pathogens as well as in onset of metabolic, aging and auto-immune related diseases. Finally, the balancing role of dietary nutrients between host defence and immune support is also showcased. The first three scetions explain the various components of the immune system and their modes of activation. The fourth section deals with the ramifications of a robust and execessive inflammatory response. The fifth section is focused on the association between nutrition and immunity and how deficiencies in certain nutrients may affect immunocompetence. The sixth section chapters represent a vision of paradigm shifts within the field and discusses possible future directions. This bool will be a valuable reference for researchers studying immune health either in academia, or in the nutraceutical or functional food industries. Product developers in nutraceutical, supplement, functional food, and health food companies will also appreciate the information presented here. Conceptualizes the key features in natural products which can boost immune function and immune health Explains the intricate mechanistic aspects and balance behind immune health Presents the pathophysiology of several diseases associated with immune system disruption