Immigration Policy and Crisis in the Regional Context : Asian and European Experiences

This book compares the immigration policies of EU states and Asian countries—Germany, Poland, Estonia, Taiwan, China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam,- and Thailand—analyses the policy strengths and weaknesses of various political actors in the regions and explores what can be learned from the experiences of different states. In the recent decades, immigration policy has become a hot topic due to globalization. EU has faced challenges in immigration since the refugee crisis in 2015 when over a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe. In Asia, immigration issue has become more complicated as the economic ties among Asian countries have grown significantly in recent years. With contributions by professors, experts and scholars from various countries across Europe and Asia, the book provides both in-depth analyses and broad perspectives on the topic, making it a valuable read for academics and policymakers alike. Preface 5 Contents 7 Part I Immigration Policy in Asia 9 Introduction 10 References 16 A Study on Migration Policy in Japan 17 1 Introduction 18 2 Japanese Immigration Policy 21 2.1 Background 21 2.2 From the Amendment to the ICA in 1989 to the Highly Skilled Foreign Professionals 22 2.3 The Amendment to the ICA in 2018 24 3 Immigrants in Japan 25 3.1 Background 25 3.2 Foreign Technical Trainees and International Students for Labor Shortage 25 3.3 Highly Skilled Professional Foreign Workers 28 4 Analysis on Japanese Immigration Policy 30 4.1 Background 30 4.2 Major Challenges and Difficulties 31 5 Conclusion 33 References 34 Political Rights of Immigrants in Korea 36 1 Introduction 36 2 The Meaning of Political Rights for Immigrants 38 3 Migratory Regime and Political Rights of Immigrants 42 3.1 Immigrant State: USA 44 3.2 The Regime of Colonialism: UK 46 3.3 The Guest-Worker Regime: Germany 48 3.4 The Hybrid Regime: France 50 3.5 Korean Regime of Migration 53 4 Conclusion 55 References 57 The Nexus Between Foreign Labor Policy and Human Trafficking in Taiwan 59 1 Introduction 60 1.1 Statistics of Guest Workers in Taiwan 61 1.2 Statistics of Human Trafficking in Taiwan 62 2 Literature Review 66 2.1 Definitions 66 2.2 Drivers of Human Trafficking 67 2.3 Research Findings 68 3 Human Trafficking in Taiwan 69 3.1 Trafficking in Persons Report 69 4 Patterns and Trends of Trafficking in Taiwan 71 4.1 Fraudulent Marriages 72 4.2 Legal Work Permits 73 4.3 Undocumented Workers 73 4.4 Tourist or Student Visas 74 4.5 Fishermen Working on Fishing Vessels 74 5 Factors Contributing to Taiwan’s Human Trafficking 75 5.1 High Placement Fees and Security Bonds (on Home Country Side) 75 5.2 Unreasonable Brokers’ Fees and Pay Deductions (on Taiwan Side) 76 5.3 Poor Working Conditions 76 5.4 Positions of Vulnerability 77 6 New Policy Adopted 78 7 Conclusion and Recommendations 79 7.1 Change the Mindset of Policymakers in Foreign Labor Policy 79 7.2 Reform of the Brokerage System 80 References 81 Did China’s Soft Power Seduction Lure Taiwan’s Youth? Preliminary Evidence for Overseas Employment 83 1 Introduction 83 2 Model and Data 84 3 Empirical Results 87 3.1 Determinants for Taiwan’s Youth Overseas Employment 87 3.2 Robust Tests 89 4 Concluding Remarks 90 Appendix 90 References 92 Thailand Immigrant Policy: The Challenge and Opportunity Before and After ASEANIZATION 93 1 Introduction 93 2 Research Objectives 95 3 Research Methodology and Theoretical Framework 96 3.1 Research Methodology 96 3.2 Theoretical Framework 96 4 Research Outcome 98 4.1 Thai Immigration Policy Before ASEAN: Late 1980s–2015 98 4.2 Thai Immigration Policy After ASEAN: 2015 Onwards 99 5 The Challenges and Opportunity of Thailand 102 5.1 The Economic and Social Impacts of Migrant Workers: Positive Impact 102 5.2 New Opportunity Through ASEAN VISION 2025 105 6 Conclusions 107 References 108 Labor Immigration in Vietnam: Policy and Practice 110 1 Introduction 110 2 Foreign Workers in Vietnam: Status-Quo 111 2.1 Vietnam in the Intensive International Integration and Growth in FDI 111 2.2 Foreign Migrant Workers in Vietnam 113 3 Vietnamese Labor Immigration Policy: A Typology Analysis 114 3.1 Vietnam’s Policy for Foreign Workers 114 3.2 Typology of Vietnam’s Immigration Policy 115 3.3 Main Factors Influence the Performance of Immigration Policy in Vietnam 118 4 Findings and Conclusions 120 References 121 Part II Immigration Policy in Europe 123 Masses of Immigrants to Europe and Political Reactions: Influence on African Migration 124 1 The Background of Fleeing 124 2 The Increasing Number of Immigrants and Unfair Distribution 125 3 Germany’s Chancellor Merkel as the Scapegoat 128 4 Cause of the Emergence of Populist Right-Wing Parties 129 5 EU’s Harmful Influence on African Migration 134 5.1 Humane Alternatives to “Fortress Europe” via Fair Trade with Africa 134 5.2 Stopping Ruthless People Smugglers 138 5.3 Stop Arms Export to African Crisis States 139 6 Peaceful Multiculturalism at Risk and Rising Xenophobia Against Muslims 141 7 Conclusion: Christianity as Part of National Identity and as Exclusion of Muslims? Implications for Western Value 145 References 145 Implications of the EU’s Immigration Governance to Normative Power Europe (NPE) in the Case of Refugee Crisis 147 1 Introduction 147 2 Development of the EU’s Immigration Policy 150 3 Normative Power and Immigration Policy 153 4 Interaction Between the Supranational and Intergovernmental Levels in Immigration Governance 156 4.1 Positions of Actors 156 4.2 Difficulties in Conducting Immigration Governance 159 5 Conclusion 161 References 163 The German Parties’ Reaction to the 2015 Refugee Crisis—A Long-Term Analysis of Party Positioning Dynamics 165 1 Introduction 165 2 Migration Policy and Politics in Germany 167 3 Change or Continuity in Party Positions 170 4 Method 173 5 Results 177 6 Discussion of Results and Conclusion 180 References 182 Migration Policy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland and Hungary 185 1 Introduction 185 2 Poland as a Country of Emigration and Immigration 188 3 The ‘Refugee Crisis’ and the Polish Government’s Migration Policy 192 4 Poland as a Country of Immigration and the Polish Government’s Migration Policy 195 5 Creating Polish Immigration Policy—Between Chaos and Calculation 198 6 The Scale and Direction of Migration in Hungary 200 7 The European Migration Crisis and Hungary’s “Fencing Policy” 202 8 Conclusion. Poland and Hungary What Do They Have in Common? 204 References 205 Immigration Policy Formation in New EU Member States: The Case of Estonia 208 1 Introduction 208 2 Immigration Policy Formation in Estonia 1990–2019 211 2.1 Background 211 2.2 Establishing an Immigration Policy Framework 214 2.3 Organizing the Asylum System in Estonia 217 3 The Politics of Immigration in Estonia 220 4 Conclusion 222 References 223 This book compares the immigration policies of EU states and Asian countries Germany, Poland, Estonia, Taiwan, China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, - and Thailand analyses the policy strengths and weaknesses of various political actors in the regions and explores what can be learned from the experiences of different states. In the recent decades, immigration policy has become a hot topic due to globalization. EU has faced challenges in immigration since the refugee crisis in 2015 when over a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe. In Asia, immigration issue has become more complicated as the economic ties among Asian countries have grown significantly in recent years. With contributions by professors, experts and scholars from various countries across Europe and Asia, the book provides both in-depth analyses and broad perspectives on the topic, making it a valuable read for academics and policymakers alike