مهاجران و صنایع لندن، ۱۵۰۰–۱۷۰۰

Immigration is not only a modern-day debate. Major change in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led to a surge of political and religious refugees moving across the continent. Estimates suggest that from 1550 to 1585 around 50,000 Dutch and Walloons from the southern Netherlands settled in England, and in the late seventeenth century 50,000 Huguenots from France followed suit. The majority gravitated towards London which, already a magnet for merchants and artisans across the centuries, began a process of major transformation. New skills, capital, technical know-how and social networks came with these migrants and helped to spark London's cosmopolitan flair and diversity. But the early experience of many of these immigrants in London was one of hostility, serving to slow down the adoption and expansion of new crafts and technologies. Immigrants and the Industries of London, 1500-1700 examines the origins and the changing face and shape of many trades, crafts and skills in the capital in this transformative period. It focuses on three crafts in particular: silk weaving, beer brewing and the silver trade, crafts which had relied heavily on foreign skills in the 16th century and had become major industries in the capital by the 18th century. Each craft was established by a different group of immigrants, distinguished not only by their social backgrounds, social organisation, identity, motives, migration pattern and experience and links with their home country but also by the nature of their reception, assimilation and economic contribution. Change was a protracted process in the London of the day. Immigrants endured inferior status, discrimination and sometimes exclusion, and this affected both their ability to integrate and their willingness to share trade secrets. And resistance by the English population meant that the adoption of new skills often took a long time - in some cases more than three centuries - to complete. The book places the adoption of new crafts and technologies in London within a broader European context, and relates it to the phenomenal growth of the metropolis and technological developments within these specific trades. It throws new perspectives on the movement of skills from Europe and the transmission of know-how from the immigrant population to English artisans. The book explores how, through enterprise and persistence, the immigrants' contribution helped transform London from a peripheral and backward European city to become the workshop of the world by the nineteenth century. By way of conclusion the book brings the current immigration debate full circle to examine the lessons we can draw from this early-modern experience. London In The 16th And 17th Centuries Was A Place Of Phenomenal Change And Growth. The Arrival Of Merchants And Artisans From Continental Europe Prompted Rapid Technological Development In Many Trades And Crafts. Immigrants And The Industries Of London, 1500-1700 Focuses Predominantly On Silk Weaving, Beer Brewing And The Silver Trade. It Places The Immigrants In The Broader Social And Economic Context Of Europe At The Time And Explores Their Experience And Often Hostile Reception In A London That Was Typically Slow To Adopt And Share New Skills. The Author Highlights How This Affected The Pace Of Progress And How, Despite This, The Immigrants Ultimately Helped Create A More Cosmopolitan And Diverse City - One That Became The Workshop Of The World. The Lessons Drawn From This Early-modern Wave Of Immigration Are Particularly Pertinent To Present-day Immigration Debates.--jacket. Introduction : Migration And The Diffusion Of Skills -- Trade And Consumption -- Government And The Import Of Foreign Silks -- Immigrants In Elizabethan London -- Reception And Treatment Of Immigrants -- Silk Industry -- Silver Trade -- Beer Brewing -- Conclusion : Immigration In A Historical Perspective. Introduction : Migration And Diffusion -- Trade And Consumption -- Government And The Establishment Of Foreign Industries -- Aliens In Elizabethan London -- Reception Of Aliens -- Silk Industry -- Silver Trade -- Beer-brewing -- Immigrants & Economic Development : Lessons From The Early Modern Period? Lien Bich Luu. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 323-357) And Index. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Dedication 3 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 List of Figures 8 List of Tables 10 Acknowledgements 12 List of Abbreviations 14 1 Introduction: Migration and the Diffusion of Skills 16 2 Trade and Consumption 42 3 Government and the Import of Foreign Skills 68 4 Immigrants in Elizabethan London 102 5 Reception and Treatment of Immigrants 156 6 Silk Industry 190 7 Silver Trade 234 8 Beer Brewing 274 9 Conclusion: Immigration in a Historical Perspective 316 Appendix 1: Places of Origin Recorded in the Returns of Aliens, 1571 and 1593 324 Appendix 2: Occupations Recorded in Returns of Aliens, 1571 and 1593 328 Appendix 3: Numbers of Strangers Engaged in Luxury and New Trades in London, 1571 and 1593 331 Appendix 4: Processes of Silk Manufacture 332 Appendix 5: Processes of Beer Brewing 334 Appendix 6: Goldsmiths of Antwerp Origin in London, 1548–86 336 Bibliography 338 Index 374