Immersive Sound: The Art and Science of Binaural and Multi-Channel Audio (Audio Engineering Society Presents)

Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 Contributors 10 Foreword 13 Acknowledgements 14 Introduction 16 1 Perception of Spatial Sound 20 Auditory Physiology 20 Human Sound Localization 25 Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) and Virtual Acoustics 34 Neural Plasticity in Sound Localization 37 Distance and Environmental Context Perception 38 Conclusion 48 2 History of 3D Sound 55 Introduction 55 Prehistory 56 Ancient History 56 Space and Polyphony 57 Spatial Separation in the Renaissance 58 Spatial Innovations in Acoustic Music 60 3D Sound Technology 64 Technology and Spatial Music 70 Conclusions and Thoughts for the Future 71 3 Stereo 78 Stereo Systems 78 Creating a Stereo Image 87 Stereo Enhancement 97 Summary 101 4 Binaural Audio Through Headphones 103 Headphone Reproduction 105 Binaural Sound Capture 111 HRTF Measurement 114 Binaural Synthesis 116 Inside-the-Head Locatedness 121 Advanced HRTF Techniques 123 Quality Assessment 126 Binaural Reproduction Methods 128 Headphone Equalization and Calibration 131 Conclusions 132 Appendix: Near Field 137 5 Binaural Audio Through Loudspeakers 139 Introduction 139 The Fundamental XTC Problem 143 Constant-Parameter Regularization 153 Frequency-Dependent Regularization 162 The Analytical BACCH Filter 171 Individualized BACCH Filters 175 Conclusions 179 Appendix A: Derivation of the Optimal XTC Filter 184 Appendix B: Numerical Verification 193 6 Surround Sound 195 The Evolution of Surround Sound 196 Surround Sound Formats 199 Surround Sound Delivery and Coding 206 Surround Sound Monitoring 213 Surround Sound Recording Techniques 217 Perceptual Evaluation 230 Predictive Models of Surround Sound Quality 232 7 Height Channels 236 Background 236 Fundamental Psychoacoustics of Height-Channel Perception 238 Multichannel Reproduction Systems With Height Channels 240 Recording With Height Channels 248 Conclusion 256 8 Object-Based Audio 259 Introduction 259 Spatial Representation and Rendering of Audio Objects 260 Advanced Metadata and Applications of Object-Based Representations 269 Managing Complexity of Object-Based Content 275 Audio Object Coding 278 Capturing Audio Objects 280 Tradeoffs of Object-Based Representations 282 Object-Based Loudness Estimation and Control 284 Object-Based Program Interchange and Delivery 286 Conclusion 287 9 Sound Field 291 Introduction 291 Development of the Sound Field 292 Higher Order Ambisonics (HOA) 300 Sound Field Synthesis 310 Sound Field Formats 314 Conclusion 315 Appendix A: Mathematics and Physics of Sound Field 318 Appendix B: Mathematical Derivation of W, X, Y, Z 323 Appendix C: The Optimal Number of Loudspeakers 325 10 Wave Field Synthesis 326 Motivation and History 326 Separation of Sound Objects and Room 333 WFS Reproduction: Challenges and Solutions 335 WFS With Elevation 342 Audio Metadata and WFS 343 Applications Based on WFS and Hybrid Schemes 344 WFS and Object-Based Sound Production 345 11 Applications of Extended Multichannel Techniques 348 Source Panning and Spreading 348 An Immersive Overhaul for Preexisting Content 359 Considerations in Mixing for Film and Games 361 Envelopment 363 Musings on Immersive Mixing 369 Index 372 "Immersive Sound: The Art and Science of Binaural and Multi-Channel Audio" provides a comprehensive guide to multichannel sound. With contributions from leading recording engineers, researchers, and industry experts, Immersive Sound includes an in-depth description of the physics and psychoacoustics of spatial audio as well as practical applications. Chapters include the history of 3D sound, binaural reproduction over headphones and loudspeakers, stereo, surround sound, height channels, object-based audio, soundfield (ambisonics), wavefield synthesis, and multichannel mixing techniques. Knowledge of the development, theory, and practice of spatial and multichannel sound is essential to those advancing the research and applications in the rapidly evolving fields of 3D sound recording, augmented and virtual reality, gaming, film sound, music production and post-production. A companion website (www.routledge.com/cw/9781138900004) that contains audio examples, videos, animations, and additional material, is the perfect companion to this authoritative resource."--Provided by publisher "Immersive Sound: The Art and Science of Binaural and Multi-Channel Audio provides a comprehensive guide to multi-channel and binaural sound theory and applications. With contributions from leading recording engineers, researchers, and industry experts, Immersive Sound includes an in-depth description of the physics and psychoacoustics of spatial audio as well as practical applications. Chapters include the history of 3D sound, binaural reproduction through headphones and loudspeakers, stereo, surround sound, height channels, object-based audio, sound field (ambisonics), wave field synthesis, and multi-channel mixing techniques. Knowledge of the development, theory, and practice of spatial and multi-channel sound is essential to those advancing the research and applications in the rapidly evolving fields of 3D sound recording, augmented and virtual reality, gaming, film sound, music production, and post-production." -- Publisher's description Edited By Agnieszka Roginska And Paul Geluso. A Focal Press Book--cover. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.