Imaging Techniques in Dental Radiology : Acquisition, Anatomic Analysis and Interpretation of Radiographic Images

This book is an up-to-date guide to the performance and interpretation of imaging studies in dental radiology. After opening discussion of the choice of X-ray equipment and materials, intraoral radiography, panoramic radiography, cephalometric radiology, and cone-beam computed tomography are discussed in turn. With the aid of many illustrated examples, patient preparation and positioning are thoroughly described for each modality. Common technical errors and artifacts are identified and the means of avoiding them, explained. The aim is to equip the reader with all the information required in order to perform imaging effectively and safely. The normal radiographic anatomy and landmarks are then discussed, prior to thorough coverage of frequent dentomaxillofacial lesions. Accompanying images display the characteristic features of each lesion. Further topics to be addressed are safety precautions for patients and staff. The book will be an ideal aid for all dental practitioners and will also be of value for dental students. Foreword 6 Preface 7 About the Author 9 Abbreviations 15 Acknowledgements 11 Contents 12 Abbreviations 15 1: Introduction to Dental Radiography and Radiology 16 2: Materials and Preparation for Dental Radiographs 21 Suggested Reading 26 3: Intraoral Radiography in Dentistry 27 3.1 Taking a Periapical by Means of Paralleling Technique 32 3.1.1 Introductory Steps 32 3.1.2 Patient Preparation 34 3.1.3 Assembling of Positioning Device 35 3.1.3.1 Anterior Periapicals of Maxilla and Mandible 35 3.1.3.2 Posterior Periapicals of Maxilla and Mandible 36 3.1.4 Positioning 37 3.1.5 Instructions for Patient 38 3.1.6 Exposure 39 3.1.7 After Exposure 40 3.2 Taking a Periapical by Means of Bisected Angle Technique 41 3.2.1 Introductory Steps 41 3.2.2 Patient Positioning in Bisected Angle Technique 41 3.2.3 During and After Exposure 48 3.3 Taking a Bitewing Radiograph 48 3.4 Taking an Occlusal Radiograph 50 3.5 Limitations of Taking Intraoral Radiographs 54 Suggested Reading 54 4: Panoramic Radiography in Dentistry 56 4.1 Steps in Taking a Panoramic Radiograph 58 4.1.1 Introductory Steps 58 4.1.2 Patient Preparation 59 4.1.3 Patient Positioning 59 4.1.4 Instruct the Patient 63 4.1.5 X-ray Exposure 64 4.1.6 After Exposure 65 4.1.7 Taking a Tomographic Radiograph of Temporomandibular Joints (TMJs) 67 4.1.8 Example of Positioning for a Tomographic Radiograph of Temporomandibular Joints in Panoramic Machine 67 Suggested Reading 69 5: Cephalometric Radiograph in Dentistry/Oral Health 70 5.1 Steps in Taking a Cephalometric Radiograph 71 5.1.1 Introductory Steps 71 5.1.2 Patient Preparation 72 5.1.3 Patient Positioning 73 5.1.3.1 Patient Positioning for a Lateral Cephalometric View (True Cephalometric Lateral) (Fig. 5.5) 73 5.1.3.2 Patient Positioning for a Postero-Anterior (PA) Cephalometric View (Fig. 5.6) 74 5.1.3.3 Patient Positioning for an Axial Cephalometric View: Submento-Vertex (SMV) (Fig. 5.7) 75 5.1.4 Instruct the Patient 76 5.1.5 X-ray Exposure 76 5.1.6 After Exposure 76 Suggested Reading 77 6: Dental Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) 78 6.1 Steps in Taking a Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scan 85 6.1.1 Introductory Steps 85 6.1.2 Patient Preparation 85 6.1.3 Patient Positioning 85 6.1.4 Large FoV CBCT 86 6.1.5 Small FoV CBCT 86 6.1.6 Instruct the Patient 87 6.1.7 X-ray Exposure 88 6.1.8 After Exposure 89 Suggested Reading 89 7: Technical Errors and Artefacts in Dental Radiography 91 7.1 Positioning Errors in Intraoral Techniques 92 7.2 Positioning Errors in Panoramic Radiography 112 7.3 Positioning Errors in Lateral Cephalometric Radiography 124 7.4 Errors Resulting from Incorrect Settings of Radiographic Parameters 126 7.5 Errors Resulting from Incorrect Handling of X-ray Films in Analogue Radiography 127 7.6 Errors Resulting from Incorrect Chemical Processing of X-ray Films in Analogue Radiography 129 7.7 Errors Resulting from Incorrect Read-out of Digital Radiographs 131 7.8 Errors and Artefacts in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography 133 Suggested Reading 136 8: Normal Anatomical Landmarks in Dental X-rays and CBCT 138 Suggested Reading 157 9: Analysis of Dental Radiographs and CBCT Studies 158 9.1 Calcifications and Other Radiopacities 173 Suggested Reading 187 10: Safety Precautions for Dental Patient and Dental Staff Using X-Rays 188 Suggested Reading 197 Front Matter ....Pages i-xix Introduction to Dental Radiography and Radiology (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 1-5 Materials and Preparation for Dental Radiographs (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 7-12 Intraoral Radiography in Dentistry (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 13-41 Panoramic Radiography in Dentistry (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 43-56 Cephalometric Radiograph in Dentistry/Oral Health (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 57-64 Dental Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 65-77 Technical Errors and Artefacts in Dental Radiography (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 79-125 Normal Anatomical Landmarks in Dental X-rays and CBCT (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 127-146 Analysis of Dental Radiographs and CBCT Studies (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 147-176 Safety Precautions for Dental Patient and Dental Staff Using X-Rays (Ingrid Rozylo-Kalinowska)....Pages 177-188