Imaging of the Aorta - A Practical Guide for Radiologists (July 27, 2024)_(3031525264)_(Springer).pdf

This book provides younger radiologists with a practical guide to aortic imaging, from acquisition to reporting. It discusses the pros and cons of the different available techniques and offers tips for the optimization of acquisition protocols and it covers the most frequent aortic pathologies, from a diagnostic and interventional point of view. Report building is discussed starting from standardized terminology; for each pathology, the book lists, in a simple and schematic way, the key points that must be included in the report of a cross-sectional study. Checklists used by clinicians and radiologists in routine practice are also included, and iconography is enriched by numerous stand-alone images. The Authors have long-standing experience in cardiovascular imaging and interventional procedures and with this publication they are providing a useful guide in everyday clinical practice. Foreword Preface Contents Contributors Part I: Anatomy and Imaging Techniques 1: Anatomy and Standardized Terminology Introduction Thoracic Aorta Aortic Root—Ascending Aorta Aortic Arch Collateral Branches of the Aortic Arch Descending Aorta Pericardial Recesses Abdominal Aorta Collateral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta Single Branches Side Branches References 2: Aortic Study Technique: Angio-TC: Minimum Criteria and State of the Art CT Technical Requirements Rotation Time Pitch Detector Dimensions Acquisition Techniques Radiation Dose Reduction Techniques Contrast Medium Injection Protocols References 3: MR-Angiography: Basic and Optional Sequences MR Angiographic Techniques with Intravenous Administration of Contrast Medium Bright Blood MR Angiography Techniques Black Blood MR Angiographic Techniques Evaluation of Chest Structures References 4: Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography Transthoracic Echocardiography Transesophageal Echocardiography References 5: Ultrasound of the Abdominal Aorta Examination Technique Echographic Semeiotics References Part II: The Aorta on the Chest X-Ray 6: Anatomical Landmarks: Lines and Stripes 7: Abnormal Findings Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Aortic Dissection Mediastinal or Para-Tracheal Hematoma References Part III: Aortic Aneurysms: Pre-treatment Evaluation 8: Thoracic Aortic Diseases Introduction Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (ATAA) Conservative Treatment Surgical Treatment Post-Surgical Imaging Aortic Arch Aneurysms Surgical Treatment Open Standard Technique Endovascular Techniques Aneurysms of the Descending Thoracic Aorta (DTAA) and Acute (descending) Aortic Syndrome Surgical Treatment Endovascular Treatment Pretreatment CT Scan Evaluation Proximal Neck and Distal Neck Anatomy of the Aortic Arch and Origin of the Epiaortic Vessels Intercostal Arteries References 9: Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Classification, CT Aspects, Pre-Procedure Evaluation, Endovascular Treatment) Planning Cook T-Branch: Feasibility Assessment Procedure: Branched Endoprosthesis Procedure: Fenestrated Endoprosthesis Follow-Up Secondary Operations References 10: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Introduction CT Characteristics Vascular Access: Common Femoral Arteries and Iliac Arteries Proximal Neck Aorto-Iliac Anatomy Type of Endoprosthesis Infrarenal and Iuxtarenal Aneurysms Pararenal and Suprarenal Abdominal Aneurysms Custom-Made Endoprosthesis Chimney Endoprosthesis and Periscope Technique Iliac Arteries Aneurysm Internal Iliac Artery Embolization Iliac Branch Endografts References 11: Aortic Aneurysm in Emergency: Radiological Signs of Pre-Rupture and of Rupture Clinical Scenario CT Acquisition Protocol and Reporting Notes CT Signs of Impending Aortic Aneurysm Wall Rupture (Pre-Rupture): Unstable Aortic Aneurysm CT Signs of Aortic Aneurysm Wall Rupture References 12: Reporting Checklist: Endovascular Pre-Treatment Part IV: Aortic Aneurysms: Follow-Up 13: Follow-Up After Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Examination Protocol Other Modalities Reporting the Post-EVAR Follow-Ups References 14: Follow-Up of Untreated Aneurysm Conservative Management and Follow-Up of Uncomplicated Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Conservative Management and Follow-Up of Uncomplicated Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (DTAA) and Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm (TAAA) The Role of Imaging in the Follow-Up of DTAA/TAAA and Untreated AAA References 15: Reporting Checklist: Aneurysm Follow-Up of the Abdominal Aorta Untreated Aneurysm: Reporting Checklist Treated Aneurysm (Follow-Up After Evar): Reporting Checklist Part V: Acute Aortic Syndrome 16: Acute Aortic Syndrome (AAS) and Traumatic Aortic Injury (TAI) Intramural Hematoma (IMH) Imaging Treatment and Evolution in Time Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer (PAU) Imaging Treatment and Evolution in Time Traumatic Aortic Injury (TAI) Imaging Diagnostic Pitfalls in TAI Treatment and Evolution in Time References 17: Aortic Dissection: Imaging and Elements of Endovascular Pretreatment Evaluation Diagnostic Framework Radiological Signs of Aortic Dissection Imaging Techniques Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Aortography Chest X-Ray References 18: Reporting Checklist: Acute Aortic Syndromes Intramural Hematoma (IMH) Penetrating Ulcer (PAU) Traumatic Aortic Injury (TAITAR?) Aortic Dissection (AD) Part VI: Inflammatory Diseases of the Aorta 19: Imaging Methods: General Principles Echocardiography CT-Angiography (CTA) PET-CT MRI References 20: Giant Cell Arteritis, Takayasu Arteritis, Chronic Periaortitis, Infectious Aortitis Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) Takayasu’s Arteritis Chronic Periaortitis Infectious Aortitis References 21: Reporting Checklist: Inflammatory Diseases of the Aorta Part VII: Congenital Anomalies of the Thoracic Aorta: An Overview 22: Aortic Dilatation and Aortopathies in Congenital Heart Disease Bicuspid Aortic Valve Related Aortopathy Turner Syndrome Marfan Syndrome Loeys-Dietz Syndrome References 23: Congenital Obstructive Heart Disease Aortic Coarctation Williams Syndrome References 24: Anatomical Variants and Congenital Anomalies of the Aortic Arch Embryology Imaging Left Aortic Arch Anatomical Variants Common Origin of Brachiocephalic Trunk and Left Common Carotid Artery (“Bovine” Aortic Arch) Variants of Vertebral Artery Origin Congenital Anomalies Left Aortic Arch with Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery (Lusoria) Left Aortic Arch with Right Subclavian Artery Originating from Retroesophageal Diverticulum Right Aortic Arch Type I: Right Aortic Arch with Mirror Image Branching Pattern Type II: Right Aortic Arch with Retroesophageal Left Subclavian Artery Double Arch Cervical Arch References Part VIII: Taking It to the Test 25: Clinical Cases Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8