Imaging of Diseases of the Chest, 5Th Edition

This is the ideal resource for all those requiring an authoritative and up-to-date review of imaging appearances of diseases of the lung, pleura and mediastinum. Chest radiography and CT are integrated with other imaging techniques, including MRI and PET, where appropriate. The clinical and pathologic features of different diseases are provided in varying degrees of detail with more in depth coverage given to rarer and less well understood conditions.A single volume, comprehensive reference text on chest radiology.Provides in a single resource all of the information a generalist in diagnostic radiology needs to know.Concisely and clearly written by a team of 4 internationally recognized authors.Avoids the inconsistency, repetition, and unevenness of coverage that is inherent in multi-contributed books.Multimodality coverage integrated throughout every chapter.All of the applicable imaging modalities are covered in a clinically relevant, diagnostically helpful way.Approximately 3,000 high quality, good-sized images.Provides a complete visual guide that the practitioner can refer to for help in interpretation and diagnosis.Covers both common and uncommon disorders.Provides the user with a single comprehensive resource, no need to consult alternative resources.Access the full text online and download images via Expert ConsultAccess the latest version of the Fleischner Society's glossary of terms for thoracic imaging.Outlines, summary boxes, key points used throughout.Makes content more accessible by highlighting essential information.Brand new color images to illustrate Functional imaging techniques.Many of the new imaging techniques can provide functional as well as anatomic information.Introduction of a second color throughout in summary boxes in order to better highlight key information. There's a wealth of key information in the summary boxes-will be highlighted more from the narrative text and will therefore be easier to access.Practical tips on identifying anatomic variants and artefacts in order to avoid diagnostic pitfalls.Many misdiagnoses are the result of basic errors in correlating the anatomic changes seen with imaging to their underlying pathologic processes.Latest techniques in CT, MRI and PET as they relate to thoracic diseases.The pace of development in imaging modalities and new applications/refined techniques in existing modalities continues to drive radiology forward as a specialty.Emphasis on cost-effective image/modality selection.Addresses the hugely important issue of cost-containment by emphasizing which imaging modality is helpful and which is not in any given clinical diagnosis.COPD and Diffuse Lung Disease, Small Airway disease chapters extensively up-dated.Access the full text online and download images via Expert ConsultAccess the latest version of the Fleischner Society's glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Cover......Page 1 ISBN: 9780723434962......Page 2 Copyright page......Page 3 PREFACE......Page 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 10 DEDICATION......Page 12 Technique......Page 13 Extraradiographic views......Page 14 Limitations of conventional chest radiography......Page 15 Novel applications......Page 16 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY......Page 18 Acquisition parameters......Page 23 Radiation dose......Page 24 Detector efficiency......Page 25 Surface shaded display......Page 26 Maximum intensity projections......Page 28 Intravenous contrast enhancement......Page 29 Indications and protocols......Page 31 HRCT for parenchymal disease......Page 32 Bronchiectasis......Page 33 Small airways disease......Page 34 Expiratory CT......Page 35 Examination technique......Page 36 Perfusion scanning......Page 38 Ventilation scanning......Page 39 Technical considerations......Page 41 Applications......Page 42 REFERENCES......Page 44 Central airways......Page 51 Pulmonary hila......Page 53 Lung parenchyma......Page 62 The pleura......Page 65 Fissures......Page 66 Accessory fissures......Page 68 (Inferior) pulmonary ligaments......Page 71 Normal mediastinum......Page 72 Mediastinal blood vessels......Page 73 Thymus......Page 76 Pretracheal space......Page 77 Aortopulmonary window......Page 78 Mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes......Page 79 Normal lymph node size......Page 80 Left mediastinal border......Page 81 Anterior junction......Page 82 Posterior junction and azygoesophageal recess......Page 83 Paraspinal lines......Page 85 Trachea and retrotracheal area191......Page 86 DIAPHRAGM AND CHEST WALL......Page 87 REFERENCES......Page 91 SILHOUETTE SIGN......Page 95 AIR BRONCHOGRAM......Page 97 PULMONARY OPACITY......Page 100 AIRSPACE OPACITIES......Page 101 Differential diagnosis of airspace opacities......Page 103 Mechanisms of atelectasis......Page 113 Imaging lobar atelectasis......Page 115 Right upper lobe atelectasis......Page 116 Left upper lobe atelectasis......Page 117 Right middle lobe atelectasis......Page 121 Lower lobe atelectasis......Page 123 Distinguishing lower lobe collapse from pleural fluid......Page 127 Round atelectasis......Page 129 SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE/MASS......Page 131 Calcification......Page 133 Ground-glass opacity......Page 138 Contrast enhancement......Page 139 Rate of growth......Page 140 Size and shape......Page 141 Cavities and air crescent sign......Page 142 Management considerations......Page 143 MULTIPLE PULMONARY NODULES......Page 144 Management considerations......Page 145 Mucoid impaction......Page 147 Septal lines......Page 148 Bronchial wall (peribronchial) thickening......Page 149 NODULAR AND RETICULONODULAR OPACITIES AND HONEYCOMBING......Page 151 INCREASED TRANSRADIANCY OF THE LUNG......Page 159 REFERENCES......Page 160 NORMAL LUNG ANATOMY ON HRCT......Page 165 air bronchogram......Page 167 architectural distortion......Page 168 bronchiolectasis......Page 169 bullous emphysema......Page 170 cyst......Page 171 hilum......Page 172 interlobular septum......Page 173 lobular core structures......Page 174 miliary pattern......Page 175 nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, or NSIP......Page 176 parenchyma......Page 177 pleural plaque......Page 178 progressive massive fibrosis......Page 179 reticular pattern......Page 180 signet ring sign......Page 181 TREE-IN-BUD PATTERN......Page 182 Reticular pattern......Page 183 Nodular pattern......Page 187 Ground-glass opacity......Page 189 Mosaic attenuation pattern......Page 191 Consolidation......Page 192 Cystic airspaces......Page 195 Decreased attenuation lung......Page 196 Distribution of infiltrative disease on HRCT......Page 198 Large airways diseases......Page 199 Small airways diseases......Page 201 Exudative bronchiolitis......Page 203 Clinical indications for HRCT of the lungs......Page 204 Pathologic specificity of HRCT in diffuse lung disease......Page 205 Assessment of disease reversibility and prognosis with HRCT......Page 207 REFERENCES......Page 208 Infections of the lungs and pleura......Page 217 DIAGNOSING THE CAUSE OF PNEUMONIA......Page 218 Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia......Page 222 Streptococcus pyogenes pneumonia......Page 223 Staphylococcal pneumonia......Page 224 Anthrax......Page 225 Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia......Page 226 Klebsiella pneumonia......Page 227 Pertussis (whooping cough)......Page 228 Melioidosis......Page 229 Anaerobic lung infection (Box 5.4)......Page 230 Leptospirosis......Page 231 Rickettsial infections......Page 232 Chlamydial infections......Page 233 BACTERIAL PARAPNEUMONIC PLEURAL EFFUSIONS AND EMPYEMA......Page 234 PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (Box 5.7)......Page 240 Primary tuberculosis......Page 241 Focal pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 243 Tuberculous lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia......Page 245 Miliary tuberculosis......Page 247 Tuberculous pleuritis......Page 248 CT of pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 250 NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS (Box 5.9)......Page 253 Radiographic manifestations......Page 254 Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex......Page 256 Other Mycobacterium species......Page 258 NOCARDIOSIS (Box 5.11)......Page 259 ACTINOMYCOSIS (Box 5.12)......Page 260 Pulmonary histoplasmosis (Box 5.13)......Page 262 Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis......Page 264 Cryptococcosis......Page 266 Nodules and masses......Page 267 Widespread small nodular or irregular shadows......Page 269 Persistent pulmonary coccidioidomycosis......Page 270 Blastomycosis......Page 271 Pulmonary aspergillosis......Page 274 Airway invasive aspergillosis......Page 276 Acute airway invasive aspergillosis......Page 277 Angioinvasive aspergillosis......Page 278 Overlap manifestations of aspergillosis......Page 279 Mucormycosis (zygomycosis)......Page 280 MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA......Page 281 VIRAL PNEUMONIA......Page 282 Influenza viruses......Page 284 Respiratory syncytial virus......Page 285 Adenoviruses......Page 286 Varicella-zoster virus......Page 287 Roundworm, hookworm, and Strongyloides infections......Page 288 Paragonimiasis......Page 290 Echinococcus infection (hydatid disease)......Page 291 REFERENCES......Page 293 HIV/AIDS......Page 307 Bacterial (pyogenic) infection......Page 308 Tuberculosis......Page 310 Nontuberculous (atypical) mycobacterial infection......Page 311 Pneumocystis jirovecii (see Box 6.5)......Page 314 Coccidioides immitis......Page 320 Blastomyces dermatitidis......Page 321 Aspergillus......Page 322 Cryptosporidium......Page 323 AIDS-related lymphoma......Page 324 Kaposi sarcoma......Page 325 Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and other pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders......Page 327 Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia......Page 329 Lung cancer......Page 330 Pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients......Page 331 Bacterial pneumonia......Page 333 Fungal infection (see Boxes 6.11–6.14)......Page 334 Viral infection......Page 343 Protozoal infection......Page 344 Imaging evaluation and differential diagnosis of pulmonary opacities in immunocompromised patients......Page 345 Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and organizing pneumonia......Page 347 Neutropenic phase complications (0–30 days posttransplant)......Page 348 Early phase complications (30–100 days posttransplant)......Page 350 Late phase complications (>100 days posttransplant)......Page 351 Heart transplantation (see Box 6.18)......Page 352 Lung transplantation......Page 355 Types of lung transplantation......Page 356 Recipient evaluation......Page 357 Primary graft dysfunction (see Box 6.21)......Page 359 Vascular complications......Page 360 Acute rejection (see Box 6.22)......Page 363 Infection......Page 364 Airway complications (see Box 6.23)......Page 366 Opportunistic infection (see Box 6.25)......Page 367 Obliterative bronchiolitis and BOS (see Boxes 6.26 and 6.27)......Page 371 Complications unique to single lung transplantation......Page 374 Recurrent disease......Page 376 Pleural complications......Page 377 Malignancy in transplant recipients (see Box 6.28)......Page 378 Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder......Page 379 REFERENCES......Page 382 PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM......Page 397 Acute pulmonary embolism without infarction......Page 398 Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)......Page 399 Technical considerations......Page 401 CTPA signs of acute pulmonary embolism......Page 404 Accuracy of CTPA......Page 406 Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 410 Interpretation of the  scan......Page 411 Pulmonary angiography......Page 417 PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION......Page 419 Radiographic signs of pulmonary arterial hypertension......Page 420 Pulmonary arterial hypertension – idiopathic and associated disorders......Page 422 Pulmonary venoocclusive disease......Page 425 Congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts......Page 426 Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung diseases and/or hypoxemia......Page 428 Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thromboembolism......Page 429 Other vascular causes of pulmonary hypertension......Page 431 HEPATOPULMONARY SYNDROME......Page 432 SICKLE CELL DISEASE......Page 433 Raised pulmonary venous pressure......Page 435 Subpleural pulmonary edema......Page 436 Alveolar edema......Page 438 ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)......Page 439 Complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome......Page 444 Neurogenic pulmonary edema......Page 445 Pulmonary edema associated with upper airway obstruction......Page 446 REEXPANSION PULMONARY EDEMA......Page 447 REFERENCES......Page 448 Respiratory bronchiolitis/respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease......Page 463 Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis......Page 465 Imaging features......Page 466 Other smoking-related diseases (Box 8.2)......Page 467 Etiology......Page 469 Computed tomography......Page 470 Diagnosis (Box 8.4)......Page 473 Silicosis......Page 474 Simple silicosis......Page 475 Progressive massive fibrosis......Page 476 Other complications of silica exposure......Page 478 Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (Box 8.7)......Page 480 Radiographic appearances......Page 481 Asbestos-related diseases......Page 482 Benign asbestos pleural effusion......Page 483 Asbestos-related pleural plaques......Page 484 Diffuse pleural thickening......Page 485 Rounded atelectasis......Page 486 Asbestosis......Page 489 Siderosis/arc-welder’s lung......Page 494 Inert dust pneumoconioses......Page 495 BERYLLIUM-RELATED DISEASES......Page 497 Flock worker’s lung......Page 498 Flavor worker’s lung......Page 499 Smoke and fire injury......Page 500 Airway and lung injury from toxic fume inhalation......Page 501 Reactive airways disease syndrome......Page 502 Near-drowning......Page 503 Chronic or recurrent aspiration......Page 504 Inhalation of foreign bodies......Page 505 REFERENCES......Page 509 DRUG-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE......Page 517 Diffuse alveolar damage......Page 519 Interstitial pneumonia......Page 520 LUNG INJURY DUE TO HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS......Page 521 LUNG INJURY DUE TO NEURAL OR HUMORAL MECHANISMS......Page 523 Drug-induced lupus......Page 524 DRUG-INDUCED PULMONARY GRANULOMATOSIS......Page 525 Exogenous lipid pneumonia......Page 526 Drug-induced alveolar hemorrhage......Page 527 Drug-induced pulmonary hypertension......Page 528 Drug-induced obliterative bronchiolitis......Page 530 Drug-related lymphadenopathy......Page 531 Amiodarone (see Box 9.8)......Page 532 Bleomycin (Box 9.9)......Page 534 Cyclophosphamide (Box 9.10)......Page 536 Cytosine arabinoside......Page 537 Gemcitabine......Page 538 Interleukin-2......Page 539 Methotrexate (Box 9.11)......Page 541 Mitomycin......Page 543 Narcotics (Box 9.12)......Page 544 Nitrofurantoin (see Box 9.13)......Page 546 Nitrosoureas (carmustine, CCNU) (Box 9.14)......Page 547 Oxygen......Page 548 Salicylates......Page 549 Statins......Page 550 Topoisomerase inhibitors......Page 551 RADIATION-INDUCED LUNG INJURY......Page 553 Radiation-induced fibrosis......Page 554 Radiology of radiation-induced lung injury (Box 9.15)......Page 555 Differential diagnosis of radiation-induced lung injury......Page 562 Ablation therapies......Page 564 REFERENCES......Page 565 IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIAS......Page 573 Clinical presentation......Page 575 Imaging appearances......Page 576 Complications......Page 581 Acute exacerbation of UIP......Page 582 Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia......Page 584 Imaging appearances......Page 585 Organizing pneumonia......Page 586 Imaging findings......Page 587 Secondary organizing pneumonia......Page 589 Focal organizing pneumonia......Page 590 Acute interstitial pneumonia......Page 591 Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia......Page 592 Familial lung fibrosis and surfactant deficiencies......Page 593 NSIP, DIP and organizing pneumonia......Page 594 Correlation between structure and function in IIPs......Page 595 COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASE......Page 596 CT findings in rheumatoid lung disease......Page 597 Pleural disease......Page 599 Necrobiotic nodules......Page 600 Pulmonary vasculopathy......Page 602 Other associations......Page 603 Acute lupus pneumonitis......Page 604 Pulmonary hemorrhage......Page 605 Diaphragm dysfunction......Page 606 Pericarditis, myocarditis, and renal disease......Page 607 Progressive systemic sclerosis......Page 608 Polymyositis/dermatomyositis......Page 611 Interstitial lung disease......Page 612 Sjögren syndrome......Page 614 Overlap syndromes and mixed connective tissue disease......Page 615 RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS......Page 617 ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS......Page 618 Small vessel vasculitis......Page 620 Wegener granulomatosis......Page 621 Churg–Strauss syndrome......Page 625 Anaphylactoid purpura (Henoch–Schönlein purpura)......Page 627 Behçet disease and Hughes–Stovin syndrome......Page 628 DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE......Page 630 Goodpasture syndrome......Page 631 Idiopathic (primary) pulmonary hemosiderosis......Page 632 Differential diagnosis of alveolar hemorrhage......Page 633 REFERENCES......Page 634 Pathology and clinical features......Page 653 Diagnosis and prognosis......Page 655 Mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy (radiographic stage I)......Page 656 Natural history of stage I sarcoidosis......Page 658 Nodal calcification......Page 659 Reticulonodular and nodular opacities......Page 660 Alveolar and large nodular opacities......Page 662 Irreversible fibrotic changes......Page 664 Airway involvement......Page 665 Systemic vein involvement......Page 669 Role of CT in sarcoidosis......Page 670 Eosinophilic pneumonias......Page 671 Acute eosinophilic pneumonia......Page 672 Simple eosinophilic pneumonia (Löffler syndrome)......Page 674 Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia......Page 675 Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis......Page 676 ABPA in cystic fibrosis......Page 682 Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia......Page 685 Bronchocentric granulomatosis......Page 686 Hypereosinophilic syndrome......Page 687 Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome......Page 688 PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS......Page 689 PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MICROLITHIASIS......Page 691 Other causes of pulmonary calcification......Page 692 Diffuse pulmonary ossification......Page 693 Chest wall involvement......Page 694 Lung involvement......Page 695 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis complex......Page 696 LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS......Page 697 BIRT–HOGG–DUBÉ SYNDROME......Page 699 LUNG DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE......Page 700 ERDHEIM–CHESTER DISEASE......Page 702 STORAGE DISEASES......Page 703 AMYLOIDOSIS......Page 704 Imaging findings......Page 706 Tracheobronchial amyloidosis......Page 708 Parenchymal nodular amyloidosis......Page 709 Parenchymal alveolar septal disease......Page 710 REFERENCES......Page 711 Saber-sheath trachea (Box 12.2)......Page 727 Scleroma......Page 729 Tracheo(broncho)pathia osteo(chondro)-plastica (Box 12.5)......Page 730 Tracheal widening......Page 731 Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier–Kuhn syndrome) (Box 12.7)......Page 732 Tracheomalacia (Boxes 12.8 and 12.9)......Page 734 Ectopic thyroid......Page 735 BRONCHIECTASIS......Page 736 HRCT signs of bronchiectasis......Page 737 Accuracy of HRCT for the detection of bronchiectasis......Page 743 Disease-specific patterns of bronchiectasis......Page 744 Cystic fibrosis......Page 745 Ciliary dyskinesia syndrome (immobile cilia syndrome) (Box 12.16)......Page 748 SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASES......Page 752 Constrictive obliterative bronchiolitis......Page 753 Diffuse panbronchiolitis......Page 758 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis......Page 759 Respiratory bronchiolitis......Page 760 Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia......Page 761 Swyer–James or McLeod syndrome (Box 12.22)......Page 762 Chest radiography......Page 764 High-resolution computed tomography (Box 12.25)......Page 765 Chronic bronchitis......Page 766 Emphysema......Page 768 Chest radiography......Page 770 Computed tomography......Page 771 a1-Antitrypsin deficiency......Page 775 Imaging and lung volume reduction techniques......Page 776 Bullae......Page 777 REFERENCES......Page 780 Pathology......Page 799 Clinical features......Page 800 Shape......Page 801 Calcification......Page 803 Ground-glass density......Page 805 Rate of growth......Page 806 Collapse and consolidation in association with central tumors......Page 807 Hilar enlargement......Page 808 The international staging system......Page 809 Imaging for staging nonsmall cell lung cancer......Page 812 Mediastinal invasion......Page 813 Chest wall invasion......Page 815 Apical tumors (Pancoast, superior sulcus tumors)......Page 817 Intrathoracic lymph node staging (see Box 13.6)......Page 819 CT and MRI staging of nodal metastases......Page 820 Radionuclide imaging for staging of nodal metastases......Page 822 Pleural involvement......Page 823 Imaging extrathoracic metastases from lung cancer......Page 824 Adrenal metastases......Page 825 Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma......Page 826 Recurrence of treated lung cancer......Page 829 Biases in cancer screening programs......Page 830 Population screening for lung cancer using low-dose CT......Page 831 Imaging algorithms to determine the nature of a small pulmonary nodule......Page 832 Is CT screening for lung cancer beneficial? (Box 13.8)......Page 833 BRONCHIAL CARCINOID......Page 834 HAMARTOMAS......Page 838 RARE MALIGNANT PULMONARY NEOPLASMS......Page 841 RARE BENIGN LUNG NEOPLASMS......Page 845 MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA......Page 848 Staging......Page 849 Imaging features of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy in lymphoma......Page 850 Pulmonary involvement in association with extrapulmonary disease......Page 851 Primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin lymphoma......Page 853 Pleural and pericardial disease......Page 856 Chest wall invasion......Page 857 LEUKEMIA......Page 859 Leukostasis......Page 860 LOCALIZED FIBROUS TUMOR OF THE PLEURA......Page 861 DIFFUSE MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA......Page 863 OTHER TUMORS OF THE PLEURA......Page 869 Pulmonary metastases......Page 870 Computed tomography......Page 872 Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 873 Lymphangitis carcinomatosa......Page 874 REFERENCES......Page 876 Imaging techniques......Page 893 Differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses......Page 894 Paratracheal, subcarinal, and paraesophageal masses......Page 896 Bronchogenic cysts......Page 898 Pericardial cysts......Page 899 Mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst......Page 901 Desmoid tumor of the mediastinum......Page 902 Hiatal hernia......Page 903 Esophageal lesions......Page 904 Mediastinal lipomatosis......Page 905 Fatty tumors of the mediastinum......Page 908 Extramedullary hematopoiesis......Page 909 Germ cell tumors of the mediastinum......Page 910 Teratoma......Page 911 Malignant nonteratomatous germ cell tumors......Page 914 Causes of lymphadenopathy......Page 916 Castleman disease......Page 918 Diagnosis of lymphadenopathy......Page 919 Lymph node calcification......Page 920 Contrast enhancement on CT......Page 921 Chest radiographic signs of mediastinal lymph node enlargement......Page 923 CT of mediastinal lymph node enlargement......Page 924 PET imaging of mediastinal lymph node enlargement......Page 926 CT of hilar node enlargement......Page 927 Blood vessel tumors......Page 929 Mediastinal hemorrhage......Page 931 Acute mediastinitis......Page 933 Fibrosing mediastinitis......Page 934 Mediastinal panniculitis......Page 936 Imaging of neurogenic tumors (Box 14.15)......Page 941 Mediastinal paragangliomas......Page 948 Parathyroid lesions of the mediastinum......Page 950 Pneumomediastinum......Page 951 Radiographic findings of pneumomediastinum......Page 952 Superior vena cava syndrome......Page 953 Normal thymus......Page 954 Lymphofollicular thymic hyperplasia......Page 959 Rebound thymic hyperplasia......Page 960 Classification......Page 961 Thymic carcinoma......Page 962 Imaging correlation (see Table 14.2)......Page 965 Thymic lymphoma......Page 966 Congenital thymic cysts......Page 967 Thyroid lesions (Box 14.25)......Page 968 DISEASES OF THE THORACIC AORTA (Box 14.26)......Page 971 Atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm......Page 972 Traumatic aortic injury and pseudoaneurysm......Page 974 Mycotic aneurysm of the aorta......Page 977 Aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer......Page 978 Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer......Page 979 Chest radiography......Page 980 Computed tomography......Page 982 Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 985 Echocardiography......Page 986 Intramural hematoma......Page 988 Optimal imaging of a patient with a suspected acute (nontraumatic) aortic syndrome......Page 990 Aortic aneurysms resulting from aortitis......Page 991 Right aortic arch (Box 14.30)......Page 992 Pseudocoarctation of the aorta......Page 993 REFERENCES......Page 996 PLEURAL PHYSIOLOGY AND PLEURAL EFFUSIONS (Box 15.1)......Page 1015 Imaging of pleural effusion (Box 15.5)......Page 1017 Subpulmonic effusion......Page 1019 Large pleural effusion......Page 1020 Loculated pleural effusion......Page 1023 Pleural effusion in the supine patient......Page 1024 CT of pleural fluid......Page 1025 Specific causes of pleural effusion......Page 1029 Heart failure (Box 15.7)......Page 1032 Superior vena cava syndrome......Page 1033 Pancreatic disease......Page 1034 Splenic disease......Page 1035 Antineoplastic drugs......Page 1036 Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome......Page 1037 Atelectasis, trapped lung, and pneumothorax ex vacuo......Page 1038 Physiology of chyle......Page 1039 Idiopathic causes......Page 1041 Imaging of chylothorax......Page 1042 PLEURAL THICKENING......Page 1043 Apical pleural cap......Page 1046 RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE FOLLOWING PLEURODESIS......Page 1047 PLEURAL CALCIFICATION......Page 1048 Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (Box 15.15)......Page 1049 Radiation......Page 1051 Bronchopulmonary endometriosis......Page 1052 Heritable disorders causing pneumothorax......Page 1053 Other familial conditions......Page 1054 Free pneumothorax......Page 1055 Pneumothorax in the supine patient......Page 1057 Complications of pneumothorax......Page 1058 Tension pneumothorax......Page 1060 Following progress and management......Page 1061 BRONCHOPLEURAL FISTULA......Page 1063 REFERENCES......Page 1064 TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA......Page 1077 BRONCHIAL ATRESIA......Page 1081 CONGENITAL LOBAR OVERINFLATION......Page 1082 ABSENCE (AGENESIS OR APLASIA) OF LUNG OR LOBES OF LUNG (Table 16.1)......Page 1085 Primary bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia......Page 1086 Secondary pulmonary hypoplasia......Page 1087 SCIMITAR SYNDROME (see Table 16.1 and Box 16.5)......Page 1090 PULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS......Page 1091 AZYGOS ANEURYSM......Page 1098 CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF LYMPHATIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 1099 BRONCHOGENIC CYST......Page 1101 PULMONARY SEQUESTRATION......Page 1105 CONGENITAL CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION OF THE LUNG......Page 1111 Congenital diaphragmatic hernia......Page 1116 Accessory diaphragm......Page 1119 REFERENCES......Page 1124 Blunt aortic injury......Page 1133 Chest radiography......Page 1136 Computed tomography......Page 1137 Aortography......Page 1142 Ultrasonography......Page 1143 Injury to the aortic branch vessels......Page 1144 INJURY TO THE PULMONARY PARENCHYMA (Box 17.6)......Page 1146 INJURY TO THE CENTRAL AIRWAYS (Box 17.7)......Page 1149 INJURY TO THE ESOPHAGUS OR THORACIC DUCT (Box 17.8)......Page 1152 INJURY TO THE DIAPHRAGM (Boxes 17.9 and 17.10)......Page 1154 Rib fractures......Page 1160 Sternal fractures......Page 1163 Sternoclavicular joint and scapula......Page 1164 Lung torsion (Box 17.11)......Page 1165 Fat embolism (Box 17.12)......Page 1168 REFERENCES......Page 1172 Index......Page 1179 "This is the ideal resource for all those requiring an authoritative and up-to-date review of imaging appearances of diseases of the lung, pleura and mediastinum. Chest radiography and CT are integrated with other imaging techniques, including MRI and PET, where appropriate. The clinical and pathologic features of different diseases are provided in varying degrees of detail with more in depth coverage given to rarer and less well understood conditions. A single volume, comprehensive reference text on chest radiology. Provides in a single resource all of the information a generalist in diagnostic radiology needs to know. Concisely and clearly written by a team of 4 internationally recognized authors. Avoids the inconsistency, repetition, and unevenness of coverage that is inherent in multi-contributed books. Multimodality coverage integrated throughout every chapter. All of the applicable imaging modalities are covered in a clinically relevant, diagnostically helpful way. Approximately 3,000 high quality, good-sized images. Provides a complete visual guide that the practitioner can refer to for help in interpretation and diagnosis. Covers both common and uncommon disorders. Provides the user with a single comprehensive resource, no need to consult alternative resources. Access the full text online and download images via Expert Consult Access the latest version of the Fleischner Society's glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Outlines, summary boxes, key points used throughout. Makes content more accessible by highlighting essential information".--Résumé de l'éditeur This is the ideal resource for all those requiring an authoritative and up-to-date review of imaging appearances of diseases of the lung, pleura and mediastinum. Chest radiography and CT are integrated with other imaging techniques, including MRI and PET, where appropriate. The clinical and pathologic features of different diseases are provided in varying degrees of detail with more in depth coverage given to rarer and less well understood conditions. Brand new color images to illustrate Functional imaging techniques. Introduction of a second color throughout in summary boxes in order to better highlight key information. Practical tips on identifying anatomic variants and artefacts in order to avoid diagnostic pitfalls.Many misdiagnoses are the result of basic errors in correlating the anatomic changes seen with imaging to their underlying pathologic processes.Latest techniques in CT, MR,I and PET as they relate to thoracic diseases.Emphasis on cost-effective image/modality selection. COPD and Diffuse Lung Disease, Small Airway disease chapters extensively up-dated. Access the full text online and download images via Expert Consult. Access the latest version of the Fleischner Society's glossary of terms for thoracic imaging.