مهاجرت غیرقانونی: یک راهنمای مرجع، ویرایش دوم (مسائل جهانی معاصر)

A valuable resource for high school, college, and general readers, this book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive examination of illegal immigration in America, addressing its complex history, comparing its occurrence today with the past, and explaining why a solution is so difficult to enact. Who is coming into the United States illegally and why? What compels people to leave their country of origin? Is the United States responsible for taking care of the more than 11 million individuals who are here illegally? Are illegal immigrants helping or harming our nation's economy and infrastructure? Should our borders be "secured" as called for by many politicians? This book examines the history of illegal immigration in the United States, addressing the tough questions about the issue and describing in detail the most significant issues and events in recent decades. It succinctly tackles the topic of illegal immigration without bias, explores the myriad of problems and controversies that have arisen due to illegal immigration, and explains how lawmakers have historically tried—and continue to try—to solve these issues. This thoroughly revised and updated second edition ofIllegal Immigration: A Reference Handbook covers the debate over the vexing and seemingly intractable illegal immigration problem from all angles and updates the discussion to 2015. It covers the key court, executive, and legislative-branch actions on the matter and examines both state and national-level government attempts to cope with illegal immigration. The book also contains a variety of primary source documents in summary format that cover all the key laws enacted, presidential or state governor's executive actions taken, and key court decisions since 1985. These documents not only provide factual data but also give context that allows readers to better grasp the complexity of the problem and the difficulty in trying to improve the situation through regulation. Discusses in detail all of the proposed solutions to the illegal immigration problem in the United States Enables the reader, on an objective and factual basis, to compare illegal immigration of today with the immigration of the past, and to assess for themselves whether today's immigrants are any more or less likely to be able to successfully assimilate into American society and economy Provides perspective essays by a range of scholars, "think-tank" subject experts, and advocacy activists that give voice to various sides of the issue in a contrasting point/counterpoint fashion Documents how the U.S. federal system of three levels and three branches of government complicates any effort and approach to resolving the illegal immigration problem Includes an extensive, annotated bibliography of print and nonprint resources that directs readers toward further reading on the topic Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title 6 Copyright 7 Contents 8 Preface 14 1 Background and History 22 Introduction: The Scope and Nature of Unauthorized Immigration 22 The Roots of the Problem 25 Changes in Legal Immigration: Setting the Stage for Illegal Immigration 29 The Crisis of Border Control: Illegal Immigration and Enactment of IRCA 31 Border Security and Antiterrorism Concerns 42 Creating the Department of Homeland Security: Dissolving the INS 46 Conclusion 53 References 54 2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 60 Introduction 60 Current Domestic-Policy Concern: Amnesty or Earned Legalization Issue of the Unauthorized 61 Incorporation of Illegal Immigrants and Their Children 71 Border Control and Management Issues 76 The Cost of Illegal Immigration 82 Guest-Worker Issues 85 Restructuring the INS into the DHS 88 Immigration and Related Policy Issues 91 Solutions 94 References 95 3 Perspectives 110 Introduction 110 On Hospitality to the Stranger: Some Moral Implications of Immigration Reform: The Rev. Canon Pablo Ramos 110 Examining the Adequacy and Enforcement of U.S. Immigration Laws: Jessica Vaughan 114 Should the United States Enact Tougher Laws to Stem Illegal Immigration?: Karen K. Clark 118 In Opposition to Birthright Citizenship: Judith Ann Warner 124 In Support of Maintaining Birthright Citizenship: Judith Ann Warner 129 Mitigating Federal Immigration Law: Inclusion at the Local Level: Roberto Suro 135 Obama’s “Executive Action” on Immigration and Judicial Review: Alemayehu G. Mariam 141 Resolving the Issue of Illegal Immigration—A Question of Balance: David E. Krahl 146 4 Profiles 156 Introduction 156 Biographies 157 Directory of Organizations and Agencies 192 National Government Agencies and Organizations 192 International Organizations 199 Domestic Advocacy Agencies and Organizations/NGOs and Nonprofits 201 Immigration Research Centers and Think Tanks 225 References 232 5 Data and Documents 238 Introduction 238 Data 238 Table 5.1: Comparison of Legal and Illegal Immigration Trends over Time 238 Table 5.2: Estimated Unauthorized Mexican-Born Immigrant Population Compared to All Unauthorized Immigrants, Assorted Years,1995–2012 240 Table 5.3: Estimated Unauthorized Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Force, Assorted Years, 1995–2012 240 Table 5.4: Unaccompanied Alien Children Encountered, by Fiscal Year, Country of Origin, 2009–2014 241 Table 5.5: Trends in Removals, 2011–2013 241 Table 5.6: Gallup Poll Trend Line, “Do You Think Immigration Is a Good Thing or a Bad Thing for the U.S. Today?,” 2001–2014 242 Table 5.7: Gallup Poll Trend Line, 2001–2014, “Should Immigration Be Kept at Its Present Level, Increased, or Decreased?,” 242 Table 5.8a: Gallup Poll Trend Line, 2006–2014, “What Should Be the Main Focus of U.S. Government in Dealing with Illegal Immigration?,” 243 Table 5.8b: Gallup Poll Trend Line, 2006–2011, “What Should U.S. Policy Be Toward Illegal Immigrants Residing in the United States?,” 243 Figure 5.1: U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, Sector Map, 2013 244 Figure 5.2: Department of Homeland Security Organizational Chart 245 Documents 246 Executive Summary Recommendations of the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, 1981 246 The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 248 Summaries of Laws on Immigration 256 References 297 6 Resources 300 Introduction 300 Selected Print Resources 301 Books 301 Leading Scholarly Journals 327 Reports and Government Documents 335 Nonprint Resources 339 7 Chronology 354 Precursor Legislation: Setting the Stage for Things to Come 354 The Revolving-Door Era, 1965–2000 360 The Storm-Door Era: 2001–? 367 References 370 Glossary 376 Index 384 About the Author 400 Content: Background and history -- Problems, controversies, and solutions -- Perspectives -- Profiles -- Data and documents -- Resources -- Chronology. 1. Background and history. Introduction: the scope and nature of unauthorized immigration The roots of the problem Changes in legal immigration: setting the stage for illegal immigration The crisis of border control: illegal immigration and enactment of IRCA Border security and antiterrorism concerns Creating the department of homeland security: dissolving the INS Conclusion References -- 2. Problems, controversies, and solutions. Introduction Current domestic-policy concern: amnesty or earned legalization issue of the unauthorized Incorporation of illegal immigrants and their children Border control and management issues The cost of illegal immigration Guest-worker issues Restructuring the INS into the DHS Immigration and related policy issues Solutions References -- 3. Perspectives. Introduction On hospitality to the stranger: some moral implications of immigration reform: the Rev. Canon Pablo Ramos Examining the adequacy and enforcement of U.S. immigration laws: Jessica Vaughan Should the United States enact tougher laws to stem illegal immigration?: Karen K. Clark In opposition to birthright citizenship: Judith Ann Warner In support of maintaining birthright citizenship: Judith Ann Warner Mitigating federal immigration law: inclusion at the local level: Roberto Suro Obama's "executive action" on immigration and judicial review: Alemayehu G. Mariam Resolving the issue of illegal immigration, a question of balance: David E. Krahl -- 4. Profiles. Introduction Biographies Directory of organizations and agencies National government agencies and organizations International organizations Domestic advocacy agencies and organizations NGOs and nonprofits Immigration research centers and think tanks References -- 5. Data and documents. Introduction Data: Comparison of legal and illegal immigration trends over time Estimated unauthorized Mexican-born immigrant population compared to all unauthorized immigrants, assorted years, 1995-2012 Estimated unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. labor force, assorted years, 1995-2014 Trends in removals, 2011-2013 Gallup Poll trend line, "Do you think immigration is a good thing or a bad thing for the U.S. today?," 2001-2014 Gallup Poll trend line, 2001-2014, "Should immigration be kept at its present level, increased, or decreased?" Gallup Poll trend line, 2006-2014, "What should be the main focus of U.S. government in dealing with illegal immigration?" Gallup Poll trend line, 2006-2011, "What should U.S. policy be toward illegal immigrants residing in the United States?" U.S. customs and Border Patrol, sector map Department of Homeland Security organizational chart Documents: LExecutive summary recommendations of the Select Commissiono on Immigration and Refugee Polilcy, 1981 The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Summaries of laws on immigration References -- 6. Resources. Introduction Selected print resources Books Leading scholarly journals Reports and government documents Nonprint resources -- 7. Chronology. Precursor legislation: setting the stage for things to come The revolving-door era, 1965-2000 The storm-door era: 2001-? References.