Il Duomo Di Siena : Excavations and Pottery Below the Siena Cathedral

This book is the result of the processing of the excavation data and of the pottery coming from the stratigraphy underneath the cathedral of Siena. The surveys were conducted between August 2000 and May 2003 by the Department of Archaeology and History of Arts of the University of Siena, with the scientific coordination of Prof. Riccardo Francovich and Prof. Marco Valenti and the collaboration of the Opera del Duomo di Siena. The ultimate goal is to trace a view of the settlement types and economic framework that has affected the hill of the Cathedral from the Classical age to the late Middle Ages, combining stratigraphic data and the study of materials. The limited planimetric extension of the excavations (often physiological to urban contexts) did not allow an investigation in open area, so the findings have often been compared with those coming from the deposits investigated in the immediate vicinity, both in front and below the Santa Maria della Scala, in order to obtain a more complete and articulated perspective on a diachronic context. The stratigraphy is developed over a time span ranging from the 7th century BC until the 20th century AD, unearthing a very structured sequence that represents a significant view in understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the urban fabric of Siena: in this regard, it is important to emphasize the fact that the chronological junction on which most attention is focused on is between the Augustian Age and the end of the 14th century, since the survey revealed that the archaeological deposit is better preserved in the time period between the two phases mentioned above and, as a result, the restitution of ceramics has been more complete. The settlement/economic dynamics developed over this extended period in different ways and this is what we are going to analyse: the goal is to develop a dialogue between stratigraphic deposit and material culture, with the aim of understanding the evolution of an urban reality, especially in those phases that led to the crisis of the “classical” city and its consequent transformation and reconfiguration between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Table of Contents Foreword: The missed opportunities of a town: Siena, excavations beneath the cathedral Premise The Excavation: The cathedral hill from its origins to the Roman era Rhythms of the crisis: The contextual recession between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages The Early Middle Ages: new forms of settlement and economic relations between the 6th and 10th centuries AD A Second Transition: The rebirth of the context in the Middle Ages Pottery from the Excavation: Introduction Coarse Ware Fine ware African Red Slip Ware (ARS) Red engobe ware Amphorae Lamps Sigillata Italica Maiolica Arcaica Glazed Ware Conclusions Appendix: Methodological notes and analysis of mixtures Bibliography _GoBack 126 Foreword 11 The missed opportunities of a town: 11 Siena, excavations beneath the cathedral 11 Premise 18 The Excavation 19 The cathedral hill from its origins to the Roman era 19 Rhythms of the crisis 23 The contextual recession between Late Antiquity 23 and the Early Middle Ages 23 The Early Middle Ages 25 New forms of settlement and economic relations between the 25 6th and 10th centuries AD 25 A Second Transition 28 The rebirth of the context in the Middle Ages 28 Pottery from the Excavation 36 Introduction 36 Coarse Ware 37 Fine ware 72 African Red Slip Ware (ARS) 84 Red engobe ware 88 Amphorae 96 Lamps 106 Sigillata Italica 110 Maiolica Arcaica 116 Glazed Ware 124 Conclusions 126 Appendix 133 Methodological notes and analysis of mixtures 133 Bibliography 152 Fig. I: Excavations and surveys in Siena 11 Fig. II: Topographic identification of the excavation and the surveyed rooms. 13 Fig. 1: GIS elaboration of the rooms investigated during the excavation. 18 Fig. 2: Hypothetical topography of Siena during the Roman centuries (PALLECCHI 2006). 19 Fig. 3: Topographic position of the well. 20 Fig. 4: Well with animal deposits, and (right) a detail of one. 20 Fig. 6: Two of the lamps (volute) found inside the well (1st century AD). 21 Fig. 5: GIS elaboration of the animal entombents found in primary deposition inside the well (CAUSARANO 2009). 21 Fig. 8: The semicircular wall, probably dating to the 4th century AD and its topographic position. 22 Fig. 7: The structure with two apses identified below the Santa Maria della Scala (CANTINI 2005). 22 Fig. 9: Pottery wares between 5th and 6th centuries AD, with the principal typologies. 23 Fig. 10: A burial dating to the 5th century AD. 24 Fig. 11: GIS elaboration of the grübenhaus and its topographic position. 25 Fig. 12: The grübenhaus during its excavation and its 3D reconstruction. 26 Fig. 13: Lamps found inside the grübenhaus (5th-6th century AD). 27 Fig. 14: Bronze cloak pin from one of the burials (6th-7h century AD). 27 Fig. 15: The two 12th-century siloi. 29 Fig. 16: The apse linked to the 12th-century cathedral, attested by documents since 102 AD. 29 Fig. 17: GIS elaboration of the documented phases of the cathedral (CAUSARANO 2005). 30 Fig. 18: The two identified dump pits. 31 Fig. 19: Pottery from the two dump pits. Drawing (below) of a jug with the emblem of the Opera del Duomo. 32 Fig. 20: The arrows indicate the two bases serving as foundations 33 Fig. 21: Fragments of mosaic found in secondary deposits, dating to 3rd-4th century AD (CHIESA 2012-2013). 34 Fig. 22: GIS elaboration of the 15th-century loculi. 35 Fig. 23: Detail of a burial inside one of the loculi, with an individual wearing a cape bearing the cross of the Order of the Knights of Malta. 35 Fig. 24: Graphic showing the percentage level of residual materials over the centuries (CASTIGLIA 2012). 36 Fig. 25:14th-century cooking vessel (olla). 37 Fig. 26: 13th/14th-century cooking vessels (ollae). 38 Fig. 27: Late 14th/15th century corse ware jug. 39 Fig. 28: 15th-century fine ware moneybox. 72 Fig. 29: 14th-century fine ware pitcher. 73 Fig. 30: Red engobe ware production centres in Tuscany. 88 Fig. 31: Circulation of amphorae directed to Siena in Late Antiquity. 97 Fig. 32: Lamps ‘a volute’ from inside the votive well (1st century AD). 106 Fig. 33: Lamps from the grübenhaus fill (5th-6th century). 107 Fig. 34: Maiolica arcaica jugs. The left one bears the Opera del Duomo emblem. 116 Fig. 35: Jug in monochrome Maiolica. 117 Fig. 36: On the right a Maiolica arcaica sauce boat. 117 Fig. 37: Glazed ware cooking pots (14th century AD). 124 Fig. 38: Hypothetical plan of the defensive walls in Roman times 127 Fig. 39: Table and coarse wares from the ‘Age of Transition’ and the Early Middle Ages. 128 Fig. 1a: Interface of the DBMS Carta Archeologica. 134 Fig. 2a: Interface of the DBMS Carta Archeologica (Reperti container). 134 Fig. 3a: Example of the Tabella quantificazioni (Quantification table). 135 This work is the result of the processing of the excavation data and of the pottery coming from the stratigraphy underneath the cathedral of Siena. The surveys were conducted between August 2000 and May 2003 by the Department of Archaeology and History of Arts of the University of Siena, with the scientific coordination of Professor Riccardo Francovich and Professor Marco Valenti and the collaboration of the Opera del Duomo di Siena Presents excavation data and pottery finds from the stratigraphy underneath the cathedral of Siena. The surveys were conducted between 2000-2003. The ultimate goal is to trace a view of the settlement types and economic framework that has affected the hill of the Cathedral from the Classical age to the late Middle Ages.