IEC 62368-1: Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment - Part 1: Safety requirements (IEC 62368-1:2018)

IEC 62368-1:2018 is applicable to the safety of electrical and electronic equipment within the field of audio, video, information and communication technology, and business and office machines with a rated voltage not exceeding 600 V. This document does not include requirements for performance or functional characteristics of equipment. This is a product safety standard that classifies energy sources, prescribes safeguards against those energy sources, and provides guidance on the application of, and requirements for, those safeguards. The prescribed safeguards are intended to reduce the likelihood of pain, injury and, in the case of fire, property damage. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: – addition of requirements for outdoor equipment; – new requirements for optical radiation; – addition of requirements for insulating liquids; – addition of requirements for work cells; – addition of requirements for wireless power transmitters; – addition of requirements for fully insulated winding wire (FIW); – alternative method for determination of top, bottom and side openings for fire enclosures; – alternative requirements for sound pressure. This group safety publication is primarily intended to be used as a product safety standard for the products mentioned in the scope, but shall also be used by technical committees in the preparation of standards for products similar to those mentioned in the scope of this standard, in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and lSO/lEC Guide 51. The contents of the corrigendum of April 2020 have been included in this copy. Key words: Audio, Video, Communication, Safety English CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION 0 Principles of this product safety standard 0.1 Objective 0.2 Persons 0.2.1 General 0.2.2 Ordinary person 0.2.3 Instructed person 0.2.4 Skilled person 0.3 Model for pain and injury 0.4 Energy sources 0.5 Safeguards 0.5.1 General 0.5.2 Equipment safeguard 0.5.3 Installation safeguard 0.5.4 Personal safeguard 0.5.5 Behavioural safeguards 0.5.6 Safeguards during ordinary or instructed person service conditions 0.5.7 Equipment safeguards during skilled person service conditions 0.5.8 Examples of safeguard characteristics 0.6 Electrically-caused pain or injury (electric shock) 0.6.1 Models for electrically-caused pain or injury 0.6.2 Models for protection against electrically-caused pain or injury 0.7 Electrically-caused fire 0.7.1 Models for electrically-caused fire 0.7.2 Models for protection against electrically-caused fire 0.8 Injury caused by hazardous substances 0.9 Mechanically-caused injury 0.10 Thermally-caused injury (skin burn) 0.10.1 Models for thermally-caused injury 0.10.2 Models for protection against thermally-caused pain or injury 0.11 Radiation-caused injury 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 3.1 Energy source abbreviations 3.2 Other abbreviations 3.3 Terms and definitions 3.3.1 Circuit terms 3.3.2 Enclosure terms 3.3.3 Equipment terms 3.3.4 Flammability terms 3.3.5 Electrical insulation 3.3.6 Miscellaneous 3.3.7 Operating and fault conditions 3.3.8 Persons 3.3.9 Potential ignition sources 3.3.10 Ratings 3.3.11 Safeguards 3.3.12 Spacings 3.3.13 Temperature controls 3.3.14 Voltages and currents 3.3.15 Classes of equipment with respect to protection from electric shock 3.3.16 Chemical terms 3.3.17 Batteries 3.3.18 FIW terms 3.3.19 Sound exposure 4 General requirements 4.1 General 4.1.1 Application of requirements and acceptance of materials, components and subassemblies 4.1.2 Use of components 4.1.3 Equipment design and construction 4.1.4 Equipment installation 4.1.5 Constructions and components not specifically covered 4.1.6 Orientation during transport and use 4.1.7 Choice of criteria 4.1.8 Liquids and liquid filled components (LFC) 4.1.9 Electrical measuring instruments 4.1.10 Temperature measurements 4.1.11 Steady state conditions 4.1.12 Hierarchy of safeguards 4.1.13 Examples mentioned in this document 4.1.14 Tests on parts or samples separate from the end-product 4.1.15 Markings and instructions 4.2 Energy source classifications 4.2.1 Class€1 energy source 4.2.2 Class€2 energy source 4.2.3 Class€3 energy source 4.2.4 Energy source classification by declaration 4.3 Protection against energy sources 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Safeguards for protection of an ordinary person 4.3.3 Safeguards for protection of an instructed person 4.3.4 Safeguards for protection of a skilled person 4.3.5 Safeguards in a restricted access area 4.4 Safeguards 4.4.1 Equivalent materials or components 4.4.2 Composition of a safeguard 4.4.3 Safeguard robustness 4.4.4 Displacement of a safeguard by an insulating liquid 4.4.5 Safety interlocks 4.5 Explosion 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Requirements 4.6 Fixing of conductors 4.6.1 Requirements 4.6.2 Compliance criteria 4.7 Equipment for direct insertion into mains socket-outlets 4.7.1 General 4.7.2 Requirements 4.7.3 Compliance criteria 4.8 Equipment containing coin / button cell batteries 4.8.1 General 4.8.2 Instructional safeguard 4.8.3 Construction 4.8.4 Tests 4.8.5 Compliance criteria 4.9 Likelihood of fire or shock due to entry of conductive objects 4.10 Components requirements 4.10.1 Disconnect device 4.10.2 Switches and relays 5 Electrically-caused injury 5.1 General 5.2 Classification and limits of electrical energy sources 5.2.1 Electrical energy source classifications 5.2.2 Electrical energy source ES1 and ES2 limits 5.3 Protection against electrical energy sources 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 Accessibility to electrical energy sources and safeguards 5.4 Insulation materials and requirements 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Clearances 5.4.3 Creepage distances 5.4.4 Solid insulation 5.4.5 Antenna terminal insulation 5.4.6 Insulation of internal wire as a part of a supplementary safeguard 5.4.7 Tests for semiconductor components and for cemented joints 5.4.8 Humidity conditioning 5.4.9 Electric strength test 5.4.10 Safeguards against transient voltages from external circuits 5.4.11 Separation between external circuits and earth 5.4.12 Insulating liquid 5.5 Components as safeguards 5.5.1 General 5.5.2 Capacitors and RC units 5.5.3 Transformers 5.5.4 Optocouplers 5.5.5 Relays 5.5.6 Resistors 5.5.7 SPDs 5.5.8 Insulation between the mains and an external circuit consisting of a coaxial cable 5.5.9 Safeguards for socket-outlets in outdoor equipment 5.6 Protective conductor 5.6.1 General 5.6.2 Requirements for protective conductors 5.6.3 Requirements for protective earthing conductors 5.6.4 Requirements for protective bonding conductors 5.6.5 Terminals for protective conductors 5.6.6 Resistance of the protective bonding system 5.6.7 Reliable connection of a protective earthing conductor 5.6.8 Functional earthing 5.7 Prospective touch voltage, touch current and protective conductor current 5.7.1 General 5.7.2 Measuring devices and networks 5.7.3 Equipment set-up, supply connections and earth connections 5.7.4 Unearthed accessible parts 5.7.5 Earthed accessible conductive parts 5.7.6 Requirements when touch current exceeds ES2 limits 5.7.7 Prospective touch voltage and touch current associated with external circuits 5.7.8 Summation of touch currents from external circuits 5.8 Backfeed safeguard in battery backed up supplies 6 Electrically-caused fire 6.1 General 6.2 Classification of power sources (PS) and potential ignition sources (PIS) 6.2.1 General 6.2.2 Power source circuit classifications 6.2.3 Classification of potential ignition sources 6.3 Safeguards against fire under normal operating conditions and abnormal operating conditions 6.3.1 Requirements 6.3.2 Compliance criteria 6.4 Safeguards against fire under single fault conditions 6.4.1 General 6.4.2 Reduction of the likelihood of ignition under single fault conditions in PS1 circuits 6.4.3 Reduction of the likelihood of ignition under single fault conditions in PS2 circuits and PS3 circuits 6.4.4 Control of fire spread in PS1 circuits 6.4.5 Control of fire spread in PS2 circuits 6.4.6 Control of fire spread in a PS3 circuit 6.4.7 Separation of combustible materials from a PIS 6.4.8 Fire enclosures and fire barriers 6.4.9 Flammability of an insulating liquid 6.5 Internal and external wiring 6.5.1 General requirements 6.5.2 Requirements for interconnection to building wiring. 6.5.3 Internal wiring for socket-outlets 6.6 Safeguards against fire due to the connection of additional equipment 7 Injury caused by hazardous substances 7.1 General 7.2 Reduction of exposure to hazardous substances 7.3 Ozone exposure 7.4 Use of personal safeguards or personal protective equipment (PPE) 7.5 Use of instructional safeguards and instructions 7.6 Batteries and their protection circuits 8 Mechanically-caused injury 8.1 General 8.2 Mechanical energy source classifications 8.2.1 General classification 8.2.2 MS1 8.2.3 MS2 8.2.4 MS3 8.3 Safeguards against mechanical energy sources 8.4 Safeguards against parts with sharp edges and corners 8.4.1 Requirements 8.4.2 Compliance criteria 8.5 Safeguards against moving parts 8.5.1 Requirements 8.5.2 Instructional safeguard requirements 8.5.3 Compliance criteria 8.5.4 Special categories of equipment containing moving parts 8.5.5 High pressure lamps 8.6 Stability of equipment 8.6.1 Requirements 8.6.2 Static stability 8.6.3 Relocation stability 8.6.4 Glass slide test 8.6.5 Horizontal force test and compliance criteria 8.7 Equipment mounted to a wall, ceiling or other structure 8.7.1 Requirements 8.7.2 Test methods 8.7.3 Compliance criteria 8.8 Handle strength 8.8.1 General 8.8.2 Test method 8.9 Wheels or casters attachment requirements 8.9.1 General 8.9.2 Test method 8.10 Carts, stands, and similar carriers 8.10.1 General 8.10.2 Marking and instructions 8.10.3 Cart, stand or carrier loading test and compliance criteria 8.10.4 Cart, stand or carrier impact test 8.10.5 Mechanical stability 8.10.6 Thermoplastic temperature stability 8.11 Mounting means for slide-rail mounted equipment (SRME) 8.11.1 General 8.11.2 Requirements 8.11.3 Mechanical strength test 8.11.4 Compliance criteria 8.12 Telescoping or rod antennas 9 Thermal burn injury 9.1 General 9.2 Thermal energy source classifications 9.2.1 TS1 9.2.2 TS2 9.2.3 TS3 9.3 Touch temperature limits 9.3.1 Requirements 9.3.2 Test method and compliance criteria 9.4 Safeguards against thermal energy sources 9.5 Requirements for safeguards 9.5.1 Equipment safeguard 9.5.2 Instructional safeguard 9.6 Requirements for wireless power transmitters 9.6.1 General 9.6.2 Specification of the foreign objects 9.6.3 Test method and compliance criteria 10 Radiation 10.1 General 10.2 Radiation energy source classifications 10.2.1 General classification 10.2.2 RS1 10.2.3 RS2 10.2.4 RS3 10.3 Safeguards against laser radiation 10.4 Safeguards against optical radiation from lamps and lamp systems (including LED types) 10.4.1 General requirements 10.4.2 Requirements for enclosures 10.4.3 Instructional safeguard 10.4.4 Compliance criteria 10.5 Safeguards against X-radiation 10.5.1 Requirements 10.5.2 Compliance criteria 10.5.3 Test method 10.6 Safeguards against acoustic energy sources 10.6.1 General 10.6.2 Classification 10.6.3 Requirements for dose-based systems 10.6.4 Measurement methods 10.6.5 Protection of persons 10.6.6 Requirements for listening devices (headphones, earphones, etc.) Annexes Annex A (informative) Examples of equipment within the scope of this document Annex B (normative) Normal operating condition tests, abnormal operating condition tests and single fault condition tests B.1 General B.1.1 Test applicability B.1.2 Type of test B.1.3 Test samples B.1.4 Compliance by inspection of relevant data B.1.5 Temperature measurement conditions B.2 Normal operating conditions B.2.1 General B.2.2 Supply frequency B.2.3 Supply voltage B.2.4 Normal operating voltages B.2.5 Input test B.2.6 Operating temperature measurement conditions B.2.7 Battery charging and discharging under normal operating conditions B.3 Simulated abnormal operating conditions B.3.1 General B.3.2 Covering of ventilation openings B.3.3 DC mains polarity test B.3.4 Setting of voltage selector B.3.5 Maximum load at output terminals B.3.6 Reverse battery polarity B.3.7 Audio amplifier abnormal operating conditions B.3.8 Compliance criteria during and after abnormal operating conditions B.4 Simulated single fault conditions B.4.1 General B.4.2 Temperature controlling device B.4.3 Motor tests B.4.4 Functional insulation B.4.5 Short-circuit and interruption of electrodes in tubes and semiconductors B.4.6 Short-circuit or disconnection of passive components B.4.7 Continuous operation of components B.4.8 Compliance criteria during and after single fault conditions B.4.9 Battery charging and discharging under single fault conditions Annex C (normative) UV radiation C.1 Protection of materials in equipment from UV radiation C.1.1 General C.1.2 Requirements C.1.3 Test method and compliance criteria C.2 UV light conditioning test C.2.1 Test apparatus C.2.2 Mounting of test samples C.2.3 Carbon-arc light-exposure test C.2.4 Xenon-arc light-exposure test Annex D (normative) Test generators D.1 Impulse test generators D.2 Antenna interface test generator D.3 Electronic pulse generator Annex E (normative) Test conditions for equipment containing audio amplifiers E.1 Electrical energy source classification for audio signals E.2 Audio amplifier normal operating conditions E.3 Audio amplifier abnormal operating conditions Annex€F (normative)Equipment markings, instructions, and instructional safeguards F.1 General F.2 Letter symbols and graphical symbols F.2.1 Letter symbols F.2.2 Graphical symbols F.2.3 Compliance criteria F.3 Equipment markings F.3.1 Equipment marking locations F.3.2 Equipment identification markings F.3.3 Equipment rating markings F.3.4 Voltage setting device F.3.5 Markings on terminals and operating devices F.3.6 Equipment markings related to equipment classification F.3.7 Equipment IP rating marking F.3.8 External power supply output marking F.3.9 Durability, legibility and permanence of markings F.3.10 Test for the permanence of markings F.4 Instructions F.5 Instructional safeguards Annex G (normative) Components G.1 Switches G.1.1 General G.1.2 Requirements G.1.3 Test method and compliance criteria G.2 Relays G.2.1 Requirements G.2.2 Overload test G.2.3 Relay controlling connectors supplying power to other equipment G.2.4 Test method and compliance criteria G.3 Protective devices G.3.1 Thermal cut-offs G.3.2 Thermal links G.3.3 PTC thermistors G.3.4 Overcurrent protective devices G.3.5 Safeguard components not mentioned in G.3.1 to G.3.4 G.4 Connectors G.4.1 Clearance and creepage distance requirements G.4.2 Mains connectors G.4.3 Connectors other than mains connectors G.5 Wound components G.5.1 Wire insulation in wound components G.5.2 Endurance test G.5.3 Transformers G.5.4 Motors G.6 Wire insulation G.6.1 General G.6.2 Enamelled winding wire insulation G.7 Mains supply cords G.7.1 General G.7.2 Cross sectional area G.7.3 Cord anchorages and strain relief for non-detachable power supply cords G.7.4 Cord entry G.7.5 Non-detachable cord bend protection G.7.6 Supply wiring space G.8 Varistors G.8.1 General G.8.2 Safeguards against fire G.9 Integrated circuit (IC) current limiters G.9.1 Requirements G.9.2 Test program G.9.3 Compliance criteria G.10 Resistors G.10.1 General G.10.2 Conditioning G.10.3 Resistor test G.10.4 Voltage surge test G.10.5 Impulse test G.10.6 Overload test G.11 Capacitors and RC units G.11.1 General G.11.2 Conditioning of capacitors and RC units G.11.3 Rules for selecting capacitors G.12 Optocouplers G.13 Printed boards G.13.1 General G.13.2 Uncoated printed boards G.13.3 Coated printed boards G.13.4 Insulation between conductors on the same inner surface G.13.5 Insulation between conductors on different surfaces G.13.6 Tests on coated printed boards G.14 Coatings on component terminals G.14.1 Requirements G.14.2 Test method and compliance criteria G.15 Pressurized liquid filled components G.15.1 Requirements G.15.2 Test methods and compliance criteria G.15.3 Compliance criteria G.16 IC that includes a capacitor discharge function (ICX) G.16.1 Requirements G.16.2 Tests G.16.3 Compliance criteria Annex H (normative) Criteria for telephone ringing signals H.1 General H.2 Method A H.3 Method B H.3.1 Ringing signal H.3.2 Tripping device and monitoring voltage Annex I (informative) Overvoltage categories (see IEC 60364-4-44) Annex J (normative) Insulated winding wires for use without interleaved insulation J.1 General J.2 Type tests J.2.1 General J.2.2 Electric strength J.2.3 Flexibility and adherence J.2.4 Heat shock J.2.5 Retention of electric strength after bending J.3 Testing during manufacturing J.3.1 General J.3.2 Spark test J.3.3 Sampling test Annex K (normative) Safety interlocks K.1 General K.1.1 General requirements K.1.2 Test method and compliance criteria K.2 Components of the safety interlock safeguard mechanism K.3 Inadvertent change of operating mode K.4 Interlock safeguard override K.5 Fail-safe K.5.1 Requirement K.5.2 Test method and compliance criteria K.6 Mechanically operated safety interlocks K.6.1 Endurance requirement K.6.2 Test method and compliance criteria K.7 Interlock circuit isolation K.7.1 Separation distances for contact gaps and interlock circuit elements K.7.2 Overload test K.7.3 Endurance test K.7.4 Electric strength test Annex L (normative) Disconnect devices L.1 General requirements L.2 Permanently connected equipment L.3 Parts that remain energized L.4 Single-phase equipment L.5 Three-phase equipment L.6 Switches as disconnect devices L.7 Plugs as disconnect devices L.8 Multiple power sources L.9 Compliance criteria Annex M (normative) Equipment containing batteries and their protection circuits M.1 General requirements M.2 Safety of batteries and their cells M.2.1 Requirements M.2.2 Compliance criteria M.3 Protection circuits for batteries provided within the equipment M.3.1 Requirements M.3.2 Test method M.3.3 Compliance criteria M.4 Additional safeguards for equipment containing a portable secondary lithium battery M.4.1 General M.4.2 Charging safeguards M.4.3 Fire enclosure M.4.4 Drop test of equipment containing a secondary lithium battery M.5 Risk of burn due to short-circuit during carrying M.5.1 Requirements M.5.2 Test method and compliance criteria M.6 Safeguards against short-circuits M.6.1 Requirements M.6.2 Compliance criteria M.7 Risk of explosion from lead acid and NiCd batteries M.7.1 Ventilation preventing an explosive gas concentration M.7.2 Test method and compliance criteria M.7.3 Ventilation tests M.7.4 Marking requirement M.8 Protection against internal ignition from external spark sources of batteries with aqueous electrolyte M.8.1 General M.8.2 Test method M.9 Preventing electrolyte spillage M.9.1 Protection from electrolyte spillage M.9.2 Tray for preventing electrolyte spillage M.10 Instructions to prevent reasonably foreseeable misuse Annex€N (normative)Electrochemical potentials (V) Annex O (normative) Measurement of creepage distances and clearances Annex P (normative) Safeguards against conductive objects P.1 General P.2 Safeguards against entry or consequences of entry of a foreign object P.2.1 General P.2.2 Safeguards against entry of a foreign object P.2.3 Safeguards against the consequences of entry of a foreign object P.3 Safeguards against spillage of internal liquids P.3.1 General P.3.2 Determination of spillage consequences P.3.3 Spillage safeguards P.3.4 Compliance criteria P.4 Metallized coatings and adhesives securing parts P.4.1 General P.4.2 Tests Annex Q (normative) Circuits intended for interconnection with building wiring Q.1 Limited power source Q.1.1 Requirements Q.1.2 Test method and compliance criteria Q.2 Test for external circuits – paired conductor cable Annex R (normative) Limited short-circuit test R.1 General R.2 Test setup R.3 Test method R.4 Compliance criteria Annex S (normative) Tests for resistance to heat and fire S.1 Flammability test for fire enclosure and fire barrier materials of equipment where the steady state power does not exceed 4 000 W S.2 Flammability test for fire enclosure and fire barrier integrity S.3 Flammability tests for the bottom of a fire enclosure S.3.1 Mounting of samples S.3.2 Test method and compliance criteria S.4 Flammability classification of materials S.5 Flammability test for fire enclosure materials of equipment with a steady state power exceeding 4 000€W Annex T (normative) Mechanical strength tests T.1 General T.2 Steady force test, 10 N T.3 Steady force test, 30 N T.4 Steady force test, 100 N T.5 Steady force test, 250 N T.6 Enclosure impact test T.7 Drop test T.8 Stress relief test T.9 Glass impact test T.10 Glass fragmentation test T.11 Test for telescoping or rod antennas Annex U (normative) Mechanical strength of CRTs and protection against the effects of implosion U.1 General U.2 Test method and compliance criteria for non-intrinsically protected CRTs U.3 Protective screen Annex V (normative) Determination of accessible parts V.1 Accessible parts of equipment V.1.1 General V.1.2 Test method 1 – Surfaces and openings tested with jointed test probes V.1.3 Test method 2 – Openings tested with straight unjointed test probes V.1.4 Test method 3 – Plugs, jacks, connectors V.1.5 Test method 4 – Slot openings V.1.6 Test method 5 – Terminals intended to be used by an ordinary person V.2 Accessible part criterion Annex W (informative) Comparison of terms introduced in this document W.1 General W.2 Comparison of terms Annex X (normative) Alternative method for determining clearances for insulation in circuits connected to an AC mains not exceeding 420 V peak (300 V RMS) Annex Y (normative) Construction requirements for outdoor enclosures Y.1 General Y.2 Resistance to UV radiation Y.3 Resistance to corrosion Y.3.1 General Y.3.2 Test apparatus Y.3.3 Water – saturated sulphur dioxide atmosphere Y.3.4 Test procedure Y.3.5 Compliance criteria Y.4 Gaskets Y.4.1 General Y.4.2 Gasket tests Y.4.3 Tensile strength and elongation tests Y.4.4 Compression test Y.4.5 Oil resistance Y.4.6 Securing means Y.5 Protection of equipment within an outdoor enclosure Y.5.1 General Y.5.2 Protection from moisture Y.5.3 Water spray test Y.5.4 Protection from plants and vermin Y.5.5 Protection from excessive dust Y.6 Mechanical strength of enclosures Y.6.1 General Y.6.2 Impact test Bibliography Figures Figure 1 – Three block model for pain and injury Figure 2 – Three block model for safety Figure 3 – Schematic and model for electrically-caused pain or injury Figure 4 – Model for protection against electrically-caused pain or injury Figure 5 – Model for electrically-caused fire Figure 6 – Models for protection against fire Figure 7 – Schematic and model for thermally-caused injury Figure 8 – Model for protection against thermally-caused injury Figure 9 – Model for protection of an ordinary person against a class 1 energy source Figure 10 – Model for protection of an ordinary person against a class 2 energy source Figure 11 – Model for protection of an ordinary person against a class 2 energy source during ordinary person servicing conditions Figure 12 – Model for protection of an ordinary person against a class 3 energy source Figure 13 – Model for protection of an instructed person against a class 1 energy source Figure 14 – Model for protection of an instructed person against a class 2 energy source Figure 15 – Model for protection of an instructed person against a class 3 energy source Figure 16 – Model for protection of a skilled person against a class 1 energy source Figure 17 – Model for protection of a skilled person against a class 2 energy source Figure 18 – Model for protection of a skilled person against a class 3 energy source Figure 19 – Model for protection of a skilled person against class 3 energy sources during equipment servicing conditions Figure 20 – Test hook Figure 21 – Illustration showing ES limits for voltage and current Figure 22 – Maximum values for combined AC current and DC current Figure 23 – Maximum values for combined AC voltage and DC voltage Figure 24 – Contact requirements to bare internal conductive parts Figure 25 – Mandrel Figure 26 – Initial position of mandrel Figure 27 – Final position of mandrel Figure 28 – Position of metal foil on insulating material Figure 29 – Example of electric strength test instrument for solid insulation Figure 30 – Application points of test voltage Figure 31 – Test for separation between an external circuit and earth Figure 32 – Test circuit for touch current of single-phase equipment Figure 33 – Test circuit for touch current of three-phase equipment Figure 34 – Power measurement for worst-case fault Figure 35 – Power measurement for worst-case power source fault Figure 36 – Illustration of power source classification Figure 37 – Minimum separation requirements from a PIS Figure 38 – Extended separation requirements from a PIS Figure 39 – Deflected separation requirements from a PIS when a fire barrier is used Figure 40 – Determination of top, bottom and side openings Figure 41 – Top openings Figure 42 – Bottom openings Figure 43 – Baffle plate construction Figure 44 – PIS trajectory downwards Figure 45 – Limits for moving fan blades made of non-plastic materials Figure 46 – Limits for moving fan blades made of plastic materials Figure 47 – Steel disc Figure 48 – Aluminium ring Figure 49 – Aluminium foil Figure 50 – Example of a warning label for a lamp with multiple hazard spectral regions Figure D.1 – 1,2/50 μs and 10/700 μs voltage impulse generator Figure D.2 – Antenna interface test generator circuit Figure D.3 – Example of an electronic pulse generator Figure E.1 – Band-pass filter for wide-band noise measurement Figure F.1 – Example of an instructional safeguard Figure G.1 – Determination of arithmetic average temperature Figure G.2 – Test voltages Figure G.3 – Thermal ageing time Figure G.4 – Abrasion resistance test for coating layers Figure H.1 – Definition of ringing period and cadence cycle Figure H.2 – ITS1 limit curve for cadenced ringing signal Figure H.3 – Peak and peak-to-peak currents Figure H.4 – Ringing voltage trip criteria Figure M.1 – Distance d as a function of the rated capacity for various charge currents I (mA/Ah) Figure O.1 – Narrow groove Figure O.2 – Wide groove Figure O.3 – V-shaped groove Figure O.4 – Intervening unconnected conductive part Figure O.5 – Rib Figure O.6 – Uncemented joint with narrow groove Figure O.7 – Uncemented joint with wide groove Figure O.8 – Uncemented joint with narrow and wide grooves Figure O.9 – Narrow recess Figure O.10 – Wide recess Figure O.11 – Coating around terminals Figure O.12 – Coating over printed wiring Figure O.13 – Example of measurements in an enclosure of insulating material Figure O.14 – Cemented joints in multi-layer printed boards Figure O.15 – Device filled with insulating compound Figure O.16 – Partitioned bobbin Figure P.1 – Examples of cross-sections of designs of top openings which prevent vertical entry Figure P.2 – Examples of cross-sections of designs of side opening louvres which prevent vertical entry Figure P.3 – Internal volume locus for foreign object entry Figure S.1 – Top openings / surface of fire enclosure or fire barrier Figure T.1 – Impact test using sphere Figure V.1 – Jointed test probe for equipment likely to be accessible to children Figure V.2 – Jointed test probe for equipment not likely to be accessible to children Figure V.3 – Blunt probe Figure V.4 – Wedge probe Figure V.5 – Terminal probe Figure Y.1 – Gasket test Figure Y.2 – Water-spray test spray-head piping Figure Y.3 – Water-spray test spray head Tables Table 1 – Response to energy class Table 2 – Examples of body response or property damage related to energy sources Table 3 – Examples of safeguard characteristics Table 4 – Electrical energy source limits for steady state ES1 and ES2 Table 5 – Electrical energy source limits for a charged capacitor Table 6 – Voltage limits for single pulses Table 7 – Current limits for single pulses Table 8 – Minimum air gap distance Table 9 – Temperature limits for materials, components and systems Table 10 – Minimum clearances for voltages with frequencies up to 30 kHz Table 11 – Minimum clearances for voltages with frequencies above 30 kHz Table 12 – Mains transient voltages Table 13 – External circuit transient voltages Table 14 – Minimum clearances using required withstand voltage Table 15 – Electric strength test voltages Table 16 – Multiplication factors for clearances and test voltages Table 17 – Minimum creepage distances for basic insulation and supplementary insulation in mm Table 18 – Minimum values of creepage distances (in mm) for frequencies higherthan 30 kHz and up to 400 kHz Table 19 – Tests for insulation in non-separable layers Table 20 – Electric field strength EP for some commonly used materials Table 21 – Reduction factors for the value of breakdown electric field strength EP at higher frequencies Table 22 – Reduction factors for the value of breakdown electric field strength EP at higher frequencies for thin materials Table 23 – Values for insulation resistance Table 24 – Distance through insulation of internal wiring Table 25 – Test voltages for electric strength tests based on transient voltages Table 26 – Test voltages for electric strength tests based on the peak of the working voltages and recurring peak voltages Table 27 – Test voltages for electric strength tests based on temporary overvoltages Table 28 – Test values for electric strength tests Table 29 – Overview of tests for resistor applications Table 30 – Protective earthing conductor sizes for reinforced safeguards for permanently connected equipment Table 31 – Minimum protective bonding conductor size of copper conductors Table 32 – Sizes of terminals for protective conductors Table 33 – Test duration, mains connected equipment Table 34 – List of applicable IEC standards regarding insulating liquids Table 35 – Classification for various categories of mechanical energy sources Table 36 – Overview of requirements and tests Table 37 – Torque to be applied to screws Table 38 – Touch temperature limits for accessible parts Table 39 – Radiation energy source classifications Table 40 – Allowable radiation level accordingto IEC 62471 (all parts) for each hazard type Table 41 – Hazard-related risk group marking of equipment Table 42 – Explanation of marking information and guidance on control measures Table C.1 – Minimum property retention limits after UV exposure Table D.1 – Component values for Figure D.1 and Figure D.2 Table E.1 – Audio signal electrical energy source classes and safeguards Table F.1 – Instructional safeguard element description and examples Table F.2 – Examples of markings, instructions, and instructional safeguards Table G.1 – Peak surge current Table G.2 – Test temperature and testing time (days) per cycle Table G.3 – Temperature limits for transformer windings and for motor windings (except for the motor running overload test) Table G.4 – Test voltages for electric strength tests based on the peak of the working voltages Table G.5 – Values of FIW wires with maximum overall diameter and minimum test voltages according to the enamel increase Table G.6 – Temperature limits for running overload tests Table G.7 – Sizes of conductors Table G.8 – Strain relief test force Table G.9 – Range of conductor sizes to be accepted by terminals Table G.10 – Varistor overload and temporary overvoltage test Table G.11 – Performance test program for integrated circuit (IC) current limiters Table G.12 – Cap