IEC 61850: دیجیتالی کردن شبکه برق (کتابخانه مهندسی برق Artech House)

This book covers the digitalization of the grid from a practical point of view and helps you understand the principles used in the development of the standard and its multiple benefits of how they can help in all aspects of the specialists’ everyday work. The book demonstrates that the IEC 61850 standard is a new communications protocol and a completely new engineering environment using named data objects and attributes that support the interoperability between multifunctional devices from different manufacturers integrated in protection automation and control systems. It highlights the contribution of the standard in introducing high speed peer to peer communications that support different substation and wide area protection and automation related applications. You will be introduced to the different parts of the standard and their evolution from a substation centered approach towards its expansion targeting the coverage of the different domains of the smart grid. It approaches the subject from a practical point utilizing an expert’s years of experience. It provides numerous examples of the application of the standard for protection, automation, and control in smart grid. This is an excellent resource for utility specialists and researchers developing protection, automation and control devices in systems based on the standard; and by consultants helping with the implementation of the standard in different projects. IEC 61850: Digitizing the Electric Power Grid Contents Preface Chapter 1 Smart Grid Definition 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Power System Hierarchy 1.2.1 Megasystem 1.2.2 Power System 1.3 Grid Control Concept 1.4 Reliability 1.5 Electric Power System Security 1.6 Efficiency 1.7 Digitization Versus Digitalization References Chapter 2 Smart Grid Functions 2.1 General Function Categories 2.2 Types of Functions 2.2.1 Protection Functions 2.2.2 Control Functions 2.2.3 Automation Functions 2.2.4 Monitoring and Recording Functions 2.2.5 Supervision Functions 2.2.6 Auxiliary Functions 2.3 Components of Smart Grid Systems 2.3.1 Functions and Function Elements 2.3.2 Communication Interfaces in the Smart Grid 2.4 Messages in Smart Grid Systems 2.4.1 Fast Messages 2.4.2 Medium-Speed Messages 2.4.3 Low-Speed Messages 2.4.4 Raw Data Messages 2.4.5 File Transfer 2.4.6 Time Synchronization 2.4.7 Command Messages Chapter 3 Requirements for IEC 61850 3.1 General Requirements 3.1.1 Interoperability 3.1.2 Free Configuration 3.1.3 Long-Term Stability 3.1.4 Flexibility 3.1.5 Communication Support 3.2 Modeling Requirements 3.2.1 Modeling Requirements for Multifunctional IEDs 3.2.2 Function Elements Modeling 3.3 Requirements for Engineering Support 3.4 Testing-Related Requirements Reference Chapter 4 Development of IEC 61850 4.1 IEC International Standard Development Process 4.2 The Development of the IEC 61850 4.2.1 UCA 2.0 4.2.2 IEC 61850 4.3 The Insider’s View References Chapter 5 The IEC 61850 Standard and Related Documents 5.1 Introduction 5.2 IEC Standard Document Types 5.3 The Core IEC 61850 Standard Parts 5.3.1 Part 1 5.3.2 Part 2 5.3.3 Part 3 5.3.4 Part 4 5.3.5 Part 5 5.3.6 Part 6 5.3.7 Part 7-1 5.3.8 Part 7-2 5.3.9 Part 7-3 5.3.10 Part 7-4 5.3.11 Part 8-1 5.3.12 Part 8-2 5.3.13 Part 9-1 5.3.14 Part 9-2 5.3.15 Part 9-3 5.3.16 Part 10 5.4 The IEC 61850 Standard-Related Documents Reference Chapter 6 Substation Communication Basics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Communication Requirements 6.2.1 Who Is Sending and Who Is Receiving the Information? 6.2.2 What Is the Information That We Need to Exchange? 6.2.3 What Is the Reason That We Need to Exchange Information? 6.2.4 How Can We Exchange the Information? 6.3 Communication Nodes 6.4 Transmission Modes 6.4.1 Definition 6.4.2 Simplex Mode 6.4.3 Half-Duplex Mode 6.4.4 Full-Duplex Mode 6.5 Communication Media 6.5.1 Wired Media 6.5.2 Wireless Media 6.6 Network Area 6.6.1 PAN 6.6.2 LAN 6.6.3 MAN 6.6.4 WAN 6.7 Network Topology 6.7.1 Network Topology Definition 6.7.2 Bus Topology 6.7.3 Ring Topology 6.7.4 Star Topology 6.7.5 Mesh Topology 6.7.6 Tree Topology 6.7.7 Hybrid Topologies 6.8 Functional Relationships 6.8.1 Relationships 6.8.2 Master/Slave 6.8.3 Client/Server 6.8.4 P2P 6.9 Communication Protocols 6.9.1 Protocol Definition 6.9.2 Message Encoding 6.9.3 Message Formatting 6.9.4 Message Timing 6.9.5 Message Size 6.9.6 Message Delivery Option Chapter 7 Technology Fundamentals 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The OSI Model 7.3 MMS 7.4 ASN.1 7.5 TCP/IP and UDP/IP 7.6 The Ethernet 7.7 PRP and HSR 7.8 UML 7.9 XML References Chapter 8 Object Modeling and Virtualization 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Object-Oriented Design Principles 8.3 Functional Decomposition 8.4 Functional Hierarchy: Functions, Subfunctions, and Function Elements 8.5 Data Objects and Attributes 8.6 Data Sets Chapter 9 IEC 61850 Model Details 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The IEC 61850 Logical Node Object Model 9.3 The IEC 61850 Logical Device Model 9.4 The IEC 61850 Server Object Model 9.5 The IEC 61850 Data Model 9.5.1 Data Modeling Principles 9.5.2 Data Modeling of Measurements 9.5.3 Data Modeling of Protection-Related Data Objects and Attributes 9.6 The IEC 61850 Transformer Protection IED Model References Chapter 10 GOOSE Communications and Their Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 GOOSE in UCA 2.0 10.3 IEC 61850 GOOSE 10.4 GOOSE Applications to Adaptive Distribution Protection 10.4.1 Adapting to Changes in Substation Configuration 10.4.2 Adapting to Faults on Adjacent Feeders 10.4.3 Adapting to the Loss of Protection IED 10.5 GOOSE Applications to Transmission Line Protection 10.6 GOOSE Applications to System Integrity Protection Schemes 10.7 GOOSE Benefits References Chapter 11 Sampled Value Communications and Their Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 How Sampled Values Were Developed 11.3 IEC 61850 Sampled Value Model 11.4 Implementation Agreement IEC 61850 9-2 LE 11.5 IEC 61869-9 11.6 Using Sampled Values for High-Voltage Bus Protection 11.7 Using Sampled Values for Disturbance Recording References Chapter 12 Standards-Based Engineering 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Object-Oriented Standards-Based Engineering of Protection Systems 12.2.1 Standard Bays 12.2.2 Standard Substations 12.3 IEC 61850 Substation Configuration Language 12.3.1 The Substation Model 12.3.2 The Product (IED) Model 12.3.3 The Communication System Model 12.3.4 Data Flow Modeling 12.3.5 Modeling of Redundancy 12.4 SCL Files 12.4.1 IED Specification Description 12.4.2 IED Capability Description 12.4.3 Instantiated IED Description 12.4.4 System Specification Description 12.4.5 Substation Configuration Description 12.4.6 Configured IED Description 12.4.7 System Interface Exchange Description 12.5 IEC 61850 SCL Engineering Process 12.6 SCL-Based Standardization Process 12.6.1 Standard Scheme Template 12.6.2 Defined Standard Scheme 12.6.3 Applied Standard Scheme 12.6.4 Instantiated Standard Scheme References Chapter 13 Time and Its Applications in Protection and Control Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Time in PAC Systems 13.3 Time-Related Definitions 13.4 Time-Related Requirements 13.5 Time in the IEC 61850 Model 13.6 Time Settings for Protection Functions 13.7 Time in the GOOSE Model 13.8 Time in Sampled Value Communications 13.9 Time Protocols 13.10 Time Synchronization Systems 13.11 Time Synchronization Sources References Chapter 14 Testing of IEC 61850-Based Devices and Systems 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Requirements for Isolation During Testing 14.2.1 Device Development Tests 14.2.2 Conformance Test 14.2.3 Device Acceptance Test 14.2.4 Device Interoperability Test 14.2.5 Integration Test 14.2.6 Factory Acceptance Test 14.2.7 Commissioning Test 14.2.8 Site Acceptance Test 14.2.9 Maintenance Testing 14.3 IEC 61850 Testing-Related Features 14.3.1 Modes of a Function 14.3.2 Mirroring Control Information 14.3.3 Simulation of Messages 14.3.4 Advanced Simulation Possibilities 14.4 Testing Methods 14.4.1 Black Box Testing 14.4.2 White Box Testing 14.4.3 Top-Down Testing 14.4.4 Bottom-Up Testing 14.5 Requirements of Testing Tools 14.6 Testing of Low-Power Instrument Transformer-Based Systems 14.7 Testing of Protection Systems 14.8 Remote Testing Requirements and Benefits 14.9 CIGRE Technical Brochure 760 References Chapter 15 Digital Substations 15.1 Introduction 15.2 IEC 61850-Based Digital Substation 15.3 Data in Digital Substation 15.4 Digital Substation Architecture 15.5 Process Interfaces in Digital Substations 15.5.1 Standalone Merging Unit 15.5.2 Low-Power Instrument Transformer Interface 15.5.3 Optical IT with a Direct Sampled Value Interface 15.6 The Business Case for Digital Substations Chapter 16 Cybersecurity 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Attack Vectors and Attack Surface 16.2.1 Attack Surface Components 16.3 GOOSE Attack 16.3.1 Basic Attack 16.3.2 Sophisticated Attack 16.3.3 Transmission Line Protection Attack 16.3.4 Breaker Failure Protection Attack 16.4 Cybersecurity Regulations and Standards 16.4.1 NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection 16.4.2 IEC 62351 Communication Network and System Security 16.4.3 IEC 62443 Industrial Communication Networks—Network and System Security 16.4.4 IEEE Power and Energy Society Standards References Chapter 17 DER Integration 17.1 Introduction 17.2 IEC 61850-7-420 17.3 DER Function Modeling Principles for Protection and Control Applications 17.4 Ride-Through Modeling Requirements 17.5 DER Management 17.6 DER Controller IEC 61850 Modeling Principles 17.7 Electrical Reference Point Modeling Considerations 17.8 DER Controller Interface Requirements 17.9 Protection of Systems with a High Penetration of DERs References Chapter 18 Migration Strategy 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The Evolution of PAC Systems 18.2.1 Electromechanical Systems 18.2.2 Electromechanical and Solid-State Systems 18.2.3 Electromechanical and Microprocessor-Based Protection Systems 18.2.4 Hybrid Digital Substations 18.2.5 Fully Digital Substations 18.2.6 Centralized Digital Substations 18.2.7 Cloud-Based Substations 18.3 Integration of Legacy Devices 18.3.1 Integration in Existing Installations 18.3.2 Integration of Legacy IEDs 18.3.3 Integration of Electromechanical or Solid-State Relays 18.3.4 Using GOOSE with Legacy Devices 18.4 Migration Process 18.5 Organizational Changes About the Author Index