Identity, Invention, and the Culture of Personalized Medicine Patenting

What are the normative implications of patenting in the area of personalized medicine? As patents on genes and medical diagnoses have increased over the past decade, this question lies at the intersection of intellectual property theory, identity politics, biomedical ethics, and constitutional law. These patents are part of the personalized medicine industry, which develops medical treatments tailored to individuals based on race and other characteristics. This book provides an overview of developments in personalized medicine patenting and suggests policies to best regulate such patents. Cover 1 IDENTITY, INVENTION, AND THE CULTURE OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE PATENTING 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Dedication 7 Contents 9 Figures 10 Tables 11 Preface 13 1 Persons and Patents 17 WHY PATENTS? 24 RECOGNIZING PERSONS 27 Personhood is distinct from property 28 Personal identity is contingent 31 The human condition is one of activity 37 Summary 41 PERSONS IN THE LAW 41 Accommodating Persons and Patents 45 Two Additional Illustrative Legal Developments 50 ROADMAP FOR BOOK 54 2 Start-Ups, Upstarts, and Markets for Personalized Medicine 55 MYRIAD AS START-UP 57 MYRIAD PATENTS AND TECHNICALITIES 59 PERSONS AND PRINCIPLES 63 NITROMED AS AN UPSTART 69 PATENT STRATEGIES 72 PATENTS, PRINCIPLES, AND PERSONS 77 3 The Case of Race-Specific Patents 79 PATENTS ON COSMETICS AND FASHION 83 PATENTS INVOLVING SKIN COLOR 89 PATENTS INVOLVING TOYS 97 PATENTS FOR METHODS OF SORTING IDENTITIES AND NAMES 103 MISCELLANEOUS 111 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 114 SUMMARY 122 4 Normative Construction of Identity 142 CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR RACE-SPECIFIC PATENTS 145 THE PERSPECTIVE OF PATENT LAW 149 Distributive Justice and Patent Law 149 Creators 150 Creators and Users 154 Intergenerational Justice 156 Patentable Subject Matter, Regulation, and Administration 157 INCENTIVE THEORY 177 MARKET THEORY 179 CULTURAL THEORIES 182 THE PERSPECTIVE OF LIBERAL AND CRITICAL RACE THEORIES 184 Liberal Theories of Race 185 Critical Theories of Race 189 WHEN PATENT LAW AND RACE INTERSECT: SUMMARIZING THE POSITIONS 192 5 Persons, Patents, and Policy 195 A racial category should not be an element of a patent claim, but may be used in the patent specifications 200 A racial category should be not a consideration in the nonobviousness of an invention 204 A racial category can be used in consideration of the utility of an invention 206 Racial categories should be generally discouraged as indicators of identity and should be kept separate from genetic markers of 209 SUMMARY 210 6 A Business, a Litigant, a Metaphor: The Future of Personalized Medicine Patents 211 CREATING A BIOBANK 211 THE BUSINESS 216 THE LITIGANT 219 The Culture of Personalized Medicine Markets 221 Personalized Medicine, the Body, and the Self 225 THE METAPHOR 227 FINAL THOUGHTS 229 Index 231 Electrical and mechanical engineers, materials scientists and applied physicists will find Levi's uniquely practical 2006 explanation of quantum mechanics invaluable. This updated and expanded edition of the bestselling original text covers quantization of angular momentum and quantum communication, and problems and additional references are included. Using real-world engineering examples to engage the reader, the author makes quantum mechanics accessible and relevant to the engineering student. Numerous illustrations, exercises, worked examples and problems are included; Matlab source codes to support the text are available from (http://www.cambridge.org//9780521183994) www.cambridge.org//9780521183994 Electrical and mechanical engineers, materials scientists and applied physicists will find Levi's uniquely practical explanation of quantum mechanics invaluable. This updated and expanded edition of the bestselling original text now covers quantization of angular momentum and quantum communication, and problems and additional references are included. Using real-world engineering examples to engage the reader, the author makes quantum mechanics accessible and relevant to the engineering student. Numerous illustrations, exercises, worked examples and problems are included; Matlab source codes to support the text are available from www.cambridge.org/9780521860963. "What are the normative implications of patenting in the area of personalized medicine? As patents on genes and medical diagnoses have increased over the past decade, this question lies at the intersection of intellectual property theory, identity politics, biomedical ethics and constitutional law. These patents are part of the personalized medicine industry, which develops medical treatments tailored to individuals based on race and other characteristics. This book provides an overview of developments in personalized medicine patenting and suggests policies to best regulate such patents"-- Provided by publisher This updated and expanded 2006 edition makes quantum mechanics accessible to electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, materials scientists and applied physicists by using real-world applications and engineering examples. Numerous illustrations, exercises, worked examples and problems are included; Matlab source codes to support the text are available from www.cambridge.org//9780521860963. Machine generated contents note: 1. Persons and patents; 2. Start-ups, up-starts, and markets for personalized medicine; 3. The case of race-specific patents; 4. Normative construction of identity; 5. Persons, patents, and policy; 6. A business, a litigant, a metaphor: the future of personalized medicine patents. This book provides an overview of developments in personalized medicine patenting, which develops medical treatments tailored to individuals based on race and other characteristics. The book explores the normative implications of personalized medicine patenting and suggests ways to best regulate policies. This book provides an overview of developments in personalized medicine patenting and explores its normative implications to suggest policies to best regulate it

Updated and expanded edition making quantum mechanics accessible to electrical and mechanical engineers, materials scientists and applied physicists.

You may ask why one needs to know about quantum mechanics.