Identification of Biomarkers, New Treatments, and Vaccines for COVID-19 (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Book 1327)

The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a serious global pandemic in just one year. Nearly every country and territory in the world has been affected by the virus. The virulence and infection rate of the virus are profound, and has required extreme social distancing measures across the globe in order to prevent overwhelming the healthcare services and hospitals. COVID-19 appears to have the greatest effects on elderly individuals and those who have co-morbid diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. As the cases and death rate remain high, there are justified fears of this virus remaining for several months or years to come. To address this, a rapid and unprecedented worldwide mobilization effort has begun to identify effective treatments and develop vaccines. As these begin to be deployed and administered across the globe, many now feel the virus will be brought under control and lives will eventually return to normal. This new volume will increase readers' understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic through a series of chapters that address these concerns. Leading experts will discuss new treatment approaches, vaccine development, mental health aspects of the pandemic, and convey the results of survey studies. The book will be an excellent resource for researchers studying virology, metabolic diseases, respiratory disorders, and clinical scientists, physicians, drug companies, and healthcare services and workers. . Preface Contents Part I: Background 1: Genetic Aspects and Immune Responses in Covid-19: Important Organ Involvement 1 Introduction 2 Epidemiology 3 Main Coronavirus Groups 4 Genome, Genotype, and Protein Structure 5 Mechanism of Infection 6 COVID-19 Pathogenesis 7 Respiratory Manifestations 8 Extra-pulmonary Presentations 8.1 Gastrointestinal Manifestations 8.2 Cardiovascular Complications 8.3 Haematological Disorders 9 Immune Responses 10 Therapy 10.1 Drugs that Slow Viral Replication or Kill SARS-Cov-2 10.2 Vaccination 11 Conclusion References Part II: Epidemiology 2: Prevalence of COVID-19 and the Continued Citizen-Based Control in Japan 1 Introduction 2 Cruise Ship Outbreak and the Environmental Assessment 2.1 COVID-19 Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship 2.2 Age-Related CFR Estimated from the Cruise Ship Outbreak 2.3 Environmental Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 on the Cruise Ship 3 Government-Recommended and Voluntary Measures to Protect Against COVID-19 Infection in Japan 4 Detection of the Coronavirus in Laboratories in Japan 5 Conclusions References 3: COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil: History, Characteristics, and Evolution 1 Brief Historical Facts of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil 2 Governmental Measures to Combat the Pandemic 3 Regional Characteristics Influencing the COVID-19 Dissemination 4 Prevalence of the Disease in Different Subpopulations 5 Concluding Remarks References 4: The Experiences of Recovered COVID-19 Patients in Baqiyatallah Hospital: A Qualitative Study 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Theme I: Emotional-Sensational-Paradox Satisfaction–Dissatisfaction Positive Experiences–Negative Experiences Relaxation–Stress Support–Rejection 3.2 Theme II: Spiritual Growth Accepting and Submitting to Divine Providence Rethinking Material Possessions Seeking Stronger Divine Connection Tendency to Spirituality 3.3 Theme III: Experienced Mental–Psychological Effects Unpleasant Thoughts Perceived Mental Stress Positive Thoughts 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Part III: Risk Factors and Outcomes 5: Age-Specific Differences in the Severity of COVID-19 Between Children and Adults: Reality and Reasons 1 Introduction 2 Age-Related Effects of Different Infections 3 Age Effects of COVID-19 Disease 4 Clinical Features in Children 5 The Different Etiology and Severity of COVID-19 Based on Age 6 Underlying Conditions and Severity of COVID-19 in Children 7 Outdoor Activities and the Potential to Contract the Virus 8 Immune System and Age-Related Differences 9 Innate Immune Cells and Age-Related Differences 10 IFN-γ and SARS-CoV in Children 11 Adaptive Immune Response and Age-Related Difference 12 Cross-Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 and Age-Related Differences 13 Improved Efferocytosis by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine to Protect Against COVID-19 Pneumonia 14 Age-Related Difference and Higher Hemoglobin in COVID-19 Pneumonia 15 The Role of Sex Hormones and Age-Related Differences in COVID-19 16 Interferon as a Target Therapy in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 17 The Role of Lactoferrin in Immune System Age-Related Differences 18 The Recommendations for Selecting Treatment in Patients Based on Age and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) 19 Conclusions References 6: Sex Differences and COVID-19 1 Introduction 1.1 COVID-19 1.2 Sex and the COVID-19 Response 2 Physiological Sex Differences as Potential Moderators of COVID-19 Outcomes 2.1 The Immune System and COVID-19 2.2 Sex Differences in the Immune System 2.3 Sex Hormones and the Immune Response 2.4 Sex Hormones and COVID-19 2.5 Sex Chromosomes and the Immune System 2.6 Ageing, Sex and the Immune System 3 Sex Differences in the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System 3.1 Sex Differences in the Renin–Angiotensin System and COVID-19 4 Reproduction, Pregnancy and COVID-19 5 Long-Term Outcomes of COVID-19 and Sex Differences 6 Conclusion and Perspectives References 7: Intestinal Microbiota in the SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What Is Known? 1 Introduction 1.1 Epidemiological Characteristics of Coronavirus Diseases 1.2 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 2 Microbiota and Respiratory Infection 3 Potential Connections Between Intestinal Microbiota and COVID-19 3.1 Age Effects 3.2 Hypertension 3.3 Diabetes 3.4 Obesity 4 COVID-19 and Microbiota 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 8: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Kidneys: An Evolving Picture 1 Introduction 2 Dialysis 3 Transplant 4 Chronic Kidney Disease 5 Apo L1 6 The Clinical Picture of Kidney Disease in COVID-19 6.1 Acute Kidney Injury Pathophysiology 7 Conclusions References 9: Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19: Early Diagnosis and Prognostic Information 1 Introduction 2 Exanthem Pattern 2.1 Vesicular Eruptions or Varicella-Like Exanthem 2.2 Maculopapular Eruptions or Maculopapular Rash 3 Urticarial Lesions 4 Vascular Pattern 4.1 Acral Areas of Erythema with Vesicles or Pustules (Pseudo-Chilblain) 4.2 Purpuric/Petechial Lesions 4.3 Livedo or Necrosis 5 Acro-Papular Eruption 6 Treatment 7 Pathophysiological Mechanisms 8 Conclusions References 10: How Do We Manage Breastfeeding During the COVID-19 Pandemic? 1 Introduction 2 Benefits of Breastfeeding 3 COVID-19 and Breastfeeding: Current Evidence 4 Guidelines on Breastfeeding for Mothers with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19 5 Conditions Recommended for Starting and Maintaining Breastfeeding 6 Conditions in Which It Is Recommended to Extract Breast Milk 7 Conditions in Which Recommended for Not Breastfeeding or Extracting Breast Milk 8 Breastfeeding by Mothers Undergoing Medications for COVID-19 9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 11: Deep Learning Analysis in Prediction of COVID-19 Infection Status Using Chest CT Scan Features 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Study Design and Participants 2.2 CT Examination and Image Analysis 2.3 Statistical Analysis Comparisons Between Two Groups Deep Learning Analyzing and Classification 3 Results 3.1 Demographic Characteristics and Chest CT Findings 3.2 Deep Learning Analyzing Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Part IV: Treatments and Vaccines 12: Using Ozone Therapy as an Option for Treatment of COVID-19 Patients: A Scoping Review 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Inclusion Criteria 2.2 Search Strategy 3 Results 3.1 Extraction of Results 3.2 Protocols 3.3 Mechanism of Ozone as a Treatment 3.4 Ozone Therapy and Viral Infections 3.5 Ozone Therapy and Respiratory System Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Pulmonary Emphysema 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions and Future Perspective References 13: COVID-19, Coenzyme Q10 and Selenium 1 Introduction 2 CoQ10 3 Selenium 4 Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Virus Infection 4.1 Oxidative Stress 4.2 Inflammation 5 Supplementation CoQ10 and Selenium 6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 14: Topical Oral and Intranasal Antiviral Agents for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 1 Introduction 2 Agents with Known Effect Against SARS-CoV-2 2.1 Alcohol and Isopropanol 2.2 Povidone-Iodine 2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide 2.4 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 2.5 Xylitol 2.6 Brilacidin 2.7 Carrageenan 3 Agents with Potential Effect on SARS-CoV-2 3.1 Acid-Buffered Saline 3.2 Hypertonic Saline 3.3 Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline 3.4 Probiotics 3.5 Chlorhexidine 3.6 Citrox (Flavonoids) and Cyclodextrins 3.7 Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) 3.8 Surfactants/Shampoo 3.9 Interferon 4 Therapeutic Application and Method of Delivery 5 Conclusions References 15: Cinnamon: A Promising Natural Product Against COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 Antiallergic Properties 3 Antiviral Properties 4 Cardiovascular Properties 5 Safety of Cinnamon 6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 16: Curcumin and Piperine in COVID-19: A Promising Duo to the Rescue? 1 Introduction 2 Curcumin-Piperine 3 Curcumin-Piperine and Virus-Induced Lung Injury 4 Curcumin-Piperine and Thrombosis 5 Safety of Curcumin-Piperine 6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 17: Association of In-hospital Use of Statins, Aspirin, and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors with Mortality and ICU Admission Due to COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Study Design and Participants 2.2 Data Collection 2.3 Medication 2.4 Outcomes 2.5 Statistical Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 18: The Worldwide Effort to Develop Vaccines for COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 3 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidates in Phase 3 Clinical Trials 3.1 AZD1222 (Covishield) 3.2 BNT162 3.3 mRNA-1273 3.4 Sputnik V 3.5 Other Candidates 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Index