ICRP Publication 95. Doses to infants from radionuclides ingested in mothers’ milk

Annals of ICRP v. 34 No. 3-4, Elsiver, 2004. 279 p. In the present report, ICRP provides information on radiation doses to the infant due to intakes of radionuclides in maternal milk. As in Publication 88 on doses to the embryo and fetus following intakes of radionuclides by the mother, intakes by female members of the public and female workers are addressed. Acute and chronic intakes are considered at various times before and during pregnancy as well as during the period of breastfeeding. Dose coefficients per unit intake by the mother (Sv/Bq) are given for the selected radionuclides of the same 31 elements for which age-specific biokinetic models were given in Publications 56, 67, 69, and 71. For these elements, doses were calculated for the most radiologically significant natural or artificial radionuclides that might be released into the environment due to various human activities. Dose coefficients are also given in this report for radionuclides of an additional four elements: sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. Relevant human and animal data on elemental and radionuclide transfer to milk are reviewed. The biokinetic models for adults given in earlier ICRP publications are adapted to include transfer to milk. Model predictions of fractional transfer of ingested or inhaled activity to milk are discussed in the report, and the corresponding dose coefficients for the infant are compared with dose coefficients for in utero exposure, as given in Publication 88. Illustrative information is also given on doses to the female breast from radionuclides in breast milk, and external doses received by the child from radionuclides retained in the tissues of the mother. For the additional elements considered in this report, but not in Publication 88, information is also given on doses to the embryo and fetus following maternal intakes of radioisotopes during or before pregnancy. ABSTRACT GUEST EDITORIAL PREFACE GLOSSARY INTRODUCTION Background Pregnancy Lactation Maternal intakes of radionuclides by ingestion or inhalation Intakes by the infant of radionuclides in breast milk Dose coefficients BREAST MILK MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND DOSE CALCULATIONS Introduction Intakes by the mother Models for lactation Treatment of decay products Dose coefficients for breastfeeding infants Dose to breast from activity secreted in milk Infant doses from radionuclides in the mother's body Dose coefficients for the embryo and fetus additional to those in Publication 88 DISCUSSION Introduction Transfer of radionuclides to milk Dose coefficients Conclusions BIOKINETIC DATA AND MODELS Hydrogen Carbon Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus Sulphur Potassium Calcium Iron Cobalt Nickel Zinc Selenium Strontium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Silver Antimony Tellurium Iodine Caesium Barium Cerium Lead Polonium Radium Thorium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium ANNEXES DOSE COEFFICIENTS FOR OFFSPRING OF FEMALE WORKERS BREAST DOSES FROM RADIONUCLIDES IN MILK INFANT DOSES FROM RADIONUCLIDES IN THE MOTHER DOSE COEFFICIENTS FOR THE EMBRYO/FETUS: RADIOISOTOPES OF SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM REFERENCES Erratum to ICRP-95 in Ann ICRP v36 No 1-2, 2006.