IBM AMOS نسخه ۲۳

IBM® SPSS® AmosTM 23 User’s Guide......Page 1 2 Tutorial: Getting Started with Amos Graphics 7......Page 3 1 Estimating Variances and Covariances 23......Page 4 3 More Hypothesis Testing 59......Page 5 5 Unobserved Variables 81......Page 6 6 Exploratory Analysis 101......Page 7 8 Factor Analysis 139......Page 8 10 Simultaneous Analysis of Several Groups 161......Page 9 11 Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Girls and Boys 177......Page 10 13 Estimating and Testing Hypotheses about Means 211......Page 11 15 Factor Analysis with Structured Means 231......Page 12 16 Sörbom’s Alternative to Analysis of Covariance 243......Page 13 18 More about Missing Data 285......Page 14 21 Bootstrapping to Compare Estimation Methods 313......Page 15 22 Specification Search 321......Page 16 24 Multiple-Group Factor Analysis 365......Page 17 26 Bayesian Estimation 387......Page 18 28 Bayesian Estimation of Values Other Than Model Parameters 425......Page 19 32 Censored Data 477......Page 20 35 Mixture Modeling without Training Data 541......Page 21 37 Using Amos Graphics without Drawing a Path Diagram 579......Page 22 C ‘Measures of Fit 619......Page 23 Index 669......Page 25 1 Introduction......Page 27 Featured Methods......Page 28 About the Examples......Page 29 Other Sources of Information......Page 30 Acknowledgements......Page 31 Introduction......Page 33 About the Data......Page 34 Launching Amos Graphics......Page 35 Creating a New Model......Page 36 Specifying the Model and Drawing Variables......Page 37 Naming the Variables......Page 38 Drawing Arrows......Page 39 Constraining a Parameter......Page 40 To Delete an Object......Page 41 Setting Up Optional Output......Page 42 To View Text Output......Page 44 To View Graphics Output......Page 45 Printing the Path Diagram......Page 46 Copying Text Output......Page 47 About the Data......Page 49 Bringing In the Data......Page 50 Specifying the Model......Page 51 Naming the Variables......Page 52 Establishing Covariances......Page 53 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 54 Viewing Text Output......Page 55 Calculating Standardized Estimates......Page 59 Viewing Correlation Estimates as Text Output......Page 60 Distribution Assumptions for Amos Models......Page 61 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 62 Modeling in C#......Page 65 Other Program Development Tools......Page 66 Parameters Constraints......Page 67 Constraining Variances......Page 68 Specifying Equal Parameters......Page 69 Constraining Covariances......Page 70 Moving and Formatting Objects......Page 71 Data Input......Page 72 Viewing Text Output......Page 73 Optional Output......Page 74 Covariance Matrix Estimates......Page 75 Labeling Output......Page 77 Hypothesis Testing......Page 78 Displaying Chi-Square Statistics on the Path Diagram......Page 79 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 81 Timing Is Everything......Page 83 Bringing In the Data......Page 85 Specifying the Model......Page 86 Viewing Text Output......Page 88 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 89 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 91 About the Data......Page 93 Analysis of the Data......Page 94 Specifying the Model......Page 95 Fixing Regression Weights......Page 96 Viewing the Text Output......Page 98 Viewing Graphics Output......Page 100 Viewing Additional Text Output......Page 101 Assumptions about Correlations among Exogenous Variables......Page 103 Equation Format for the AStructure Method......Page 104 About the Data......Page 107 Measurement Model......Page 109 Structural Model......Page 110 Specifying the Model......Page 111 Changing the Orientation of the Drawing Area......Page 112 Creating the Path Diagram......Page 113 Duplicating Measurement Models......Page 114 Results for Model A......Page 116 Model B......Page 119 Results for Model B......Page 121 Testing Model B against Model A......Page 123 Model A......Page 125 Model B......Page 126 About the Data......Page 127 Specifying the Model......Page 128 Identification......Page 129 Dealing with Rejection......Page 130 Modification Indices......Page 131 Model B for the Wheaton Data......Page 133 Text Output......Page 134 Graphics Output for Model B......Page 136 Improving a Model by Adding New Constraints......Page 137 Model C for the Wheaton Data......Page 141 Testing Model C......Page 142 Multiple Models in a Single Analysis......Page 143 Viewing Fit Statistics for All Four Models......Page 147 Obtaining Optional Output......Page 148 Obtaining Tables of Indirect, Direct, and Total Effects......Page 150 Model A......Page 151 Model B......Page 152 Model C......Page 153 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 154 About the Data......Page 157 Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Model......Page 158 Text Output......Page 159 Obtaining Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 161 Graphics Output......Page 162 Stability Index......Page 163 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 164 About the Data......Page 165 A Common Factor Model......Page 166 Identification......Page 167 Drawing the Model......Page 168 Results of the Analysis......Page 169 Obtaining Standardized Estimates......Page 170 Viewing Standardized Estimates......Page 171 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 172 Analysis of Covariance and Its Alternative......Page 173 About the Data......Page 174 Model A for the Olsson Data......Page 175 Identification......Page 176 Requesting Modification Indices......Page 177 Model B for the Olsson Data......Page 178 Results for Model B......Page 179 Model C for the Olsson Data......Page 181 Fitting All Models At Once......Page 182 Model B......Page 183 Model C......Page 184 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 185 Analysis of Several Groups......Page 187 Model A......Page 188 Specifying Model A......Page 189 Text Output......Page 194 Graphics Output......Page 195 Model B......Page 196 Text Output......Page 198 Model A......Page 199 Model B......Page 200 Multiple Model Input......Page 201 About the Data......Page 203 Specifying a Figure Caption......Page 204 Text Output for Model A......Page 207 Graphics Output for Model A......Page 209 Model B for Girls and Boys......Page 210 Text Output......Page 212 Graphics Output......Page 215 Model C for Girls and Boys......Page 216 Results for Model C......Page 219 Model A......Page 220 Model C......Page 221 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 222 About the Data......Page 223 Naming the Groups......Page 224 Specifying the Data......Page 225 Text Output......Page 226 Graphics Output......Page 227 Model B for the Holzinger and Swineford Boys and Girls......Page 228 Text Output......Page 230 Graphics Output......Page 231 Model A......Page 234 Model B......Page 235 Means and Intercept Modeling......Page 237 Mean Structure Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 238 Text Output......Page 240 Model B for Young and Old Subjects......Page 242 Multiple Model Input......Page 244 Model A......Page 245 Model B......Page 246 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 247 Assumptions Made by Amos......Page 249 Specifying the Model......Page 250 Text Output......Page 251 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 253 Factor Means......Page 257 Specifying the Model......Page 258 Understanding the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 260 Graphics Output......Page 261 Model B for Boys and Girls......Page 263 Comparing Models A and B......Page 265 Model A......Page 266 Model B......Page 267 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 268 Assumptions......Page 269 About the Data......Page 270 Specifying the Model......Page 271 Text Output......Page 273 Model B......Page 275 Results for Model B......Page 277 Model C......Page 278 Results for Model C......Page 279 Model D......Page 280 Results for Model D......Page 281 Fitting Models A Through E in a Single Analysis......Page 283 Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 284 Model Y......Page 285 Results for Model Y......Page 287 Model Z......Page 288 Results for Model Z......Page 289 Model A......Page 290 Model B......Page 291 Model C......Page 292 Model D......Page 293 Model E......Page 294 Fitting Multiple Models......Page 295 Models X, Y, and Z......Page 296 Incomplete Data......Page 297 About the Data......Page 298 Specifying the Model......Page 299 Saturated and Independence Models......Page 300 Text Output......Page 301 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 303 Fitting the Factor Model (Model A)......Page 304 Fitting the Saturated Model (Model B)......Page 305 Computing the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square Statistic and P......Page 309 Performing All Steps with One Program......Page 310 Missing Data......Page 311 About the Data......Page 312 Model A......Page 313 Text Output......Page 315 Model B......Page 318 Output from Models A and B......Page 319 Model A......Page 320 Model B......Page 321 The Bootstrap Method......Page 323 A Factor Analysis Model......Page 324 Results of the Analysis......Page 325 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 329 Bootstrap Approach to Model Comparison......Page 331 Five Models......Page 332 Text Output......Page 336 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 338 Estimation Methods......Page 339 About the Model......Page 340 Text Output......Page 343 Modeling in VB.NET......Page 346 About the Model......Page 347 Specifying the Model......Page 348 Selecting Program Options......Page 350 Performing the Specification Search......Page 351 Viewing Generated Models......Page 352 Viewing Parameter Estimates for a Model......Page 353 Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 354 Viewing the Akaike Weights......Page 355 Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 356 Using Bayes Factors to Compare Models......Page 357 Rescaling the Bayes Factors......Page 359 Examining the Short List of Models......Page 360 Viewing a Scatterplot of Fit and Complexity......Page 361 Adjusting the Line Representing Constant Fit......Page 363 Viewing the Line Representing Constant C – df......Page 364 Adjusting the Line Representing Constant C – df......Page 365 Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for C......Page 366 Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for Other Fit Measures......Page 367 Viewing the Scree Plot for C......Page 368 Viewing the Scree Plot for Other Fit Measures......Page 370 Specification Search with Many Optional Arrows......Page 372 Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 373 Performing the Specification Search......Page 374 Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 375 Limitations......Page 376 About the Model......Page 377 Opening the Specification Search Window......Page 378 Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 379 Performing the Specification Search......Page 381 Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 382 Viewing the Short List of Models......Page 385 Heuristic Specification Search......Page 386 Performing a Stepwise Search......Page 387 Viewing the Scree Plot......Page 388 Limitations of Heuristic Specification Searches......Page 389 Model 24a: Modeling Without Means and Intercepts......Page 391 Opening the Multiple-Group Analysis Dialog Box......Page 392 Viewing the Parameter Subsets......Page 394 Viewing the Generated Models......Page 395 Fitting All the Models and Viewing the Output......Page 396 Customizing the Analysis......Page 397 Specifying the Model......Page 398 Removing Constraints......Page 399 Generating the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 400 Fitting the Models......Page 401 Viewing the Output......Page 402 About the Model......Page 405 Constraining the Latent Variable Means and Intercepts......Page 406 Generating Cross-Group Constraints......Page 407 Viewing the Text Output......Page 409 Examining the Modification Indices......Page 410 Modifying the Model and Repeating the Analysis......Page 411 Bayesian Estimation......Page 413 Selecting Priors......Page 415 Estimating the Covariance......Page 416 Results of Maximum Likelihood Analysis......Page 417 Bayesian Analysis......Page 418 Examining the Current Seed......Page 420 Changing the Current Seed......Page 421 Changing the Refresh Options......Page 423 Assessing Convergence......Page 424 Diagnostic Plots......Page 426 Bivariate Marginal Posterior Plots......Page 432 Changing the Confidence Level......Page 435 Learning More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 436 More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 437 About the Data......Page 438 Fitting a Model by Maximum Likelihood......Page 439 Changing the Number of Burn-In Observations......Page 440 The Wheaton Data Revisited......Page 451 Indirect Effects......Page 452 Estimating Indirect Effects......Page 453 Bayesian Analysis of Model C......Page 455 Additional Estimands......Page 456 Inferences about Indirect Effects......Page 459 The Stability of Alienation Model......Page 465 Numeric Custom Estimands......Page 471 Dragging and Dropping......Page 475 Defining a Dichotomous Estimand......Page 485 About the Example......Page 489 Performing Multiple Data Imputation Using Amos Graphics......Page 490 Analyzing the Imputed Data Files Using SPSS Statistics......Page 497 Step 2: Ten Separate Analyses......Page 498 Step 3: Combining Results of Multiply Imputed Data Files......Page 499 Further Reading......Page 501 About the Data......Page 503 Analyzing the Data......Page 505 Performing a Regression Analysis......Page 506 Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 509 Imputation......Page 512 General Inequality Constraints on Data Values......Page 516 About the Data......Page 517 Specifying the Data File......Page 519 Recoding the Data within Amos......Page 520 Specifying the Model......Page 528 Fitting the Model......Page 529 MCMC Diagnostics......Page 532 Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 534 Posterior Predictive Distributions for Latent Variables......Page 539 Imputation......Page 544 About the Data......Page 549 Performing the Analysis......Page 552 Specifying the Data File......Page 554 Specifying the Model......Page 558 Fitting the Model......Page 560 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 563 Latent Structure Analysis......Page 565 About the Data......Page 567 Performing the Analysis......Page 568 Specifying the Data File......Page 570 Specifying the Model......Page 573 Constraining the Parameters......Page 574 Fitting the Model......Page 576 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 579 Latent Structure Analysis......Page 581 Label Switching......Page 582 First Dataset......Page 585 Second Dataset......Page 587 The Group Variable in the Dataset......Page 588 Performing the Analysis......Page 589 Specifying the Data File......Page 591 Specifying the Model......Page 594 Fitting the Model......Page 595 Classifying Individual Cases......Page 600 Improving Parameter Estimates......Page 601 Prior Distribution of Group Proportions......Page 603 Label Switching......Page 604 Introduction......Page 605 Creating a Plugin to Specify the Model......Page 606 Controlling Undo Capability......Page 611 Compiling and Saving the Plugin......Page 613 Using the Plugin......Page 614 Defining Program Variables that Correspond to Model Variables......Page 616 The Wheaton Data Revisited......Page 619 Estimating an Indirect Effect......Page 620 Estimating the Indirect Effect without Naming Parameters......Page 628 A Markov Model......Page 631 A Notation......Page 639 B Discrepancy Functions......Page 641 C Measures of Fit......Page 645 DF......Page 646 P......Page 647 CMIN/DF......Page 649 NCP......Page 650 RMSEA......Page 651 AIC......Page 653 BIC......Page 654 ECVI......Page 655 Comparisons to a Baseline Model......Page 656 NFI......Page 657 RFI......Page 658 TLI......Page 659 Parsimony Adjusted Measures......Page 660 GFI......Page 661 AGFI......Page 662 HOELTER......Page 663 RMR......Page 664 Selected List of Fit Measures......Page 665 D Numeric Diagnosis of Non-Identifiability......Page 667 E Using Fit Measures to Rank Models......Page 669 F Baseline Models for Descriptive Fit Measures......Page 673 Zero-Based Rescaling......Page 675 Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Sum = 1)......Page 676 Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Max = 1)......Page 677 Notices......Page 679 Trademarks......Page 681 Bibliography......Page 683 Index......Page 695