Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Newborn : From Origins to Clinical Management

We have all been hypoxic. Fetal tolerance for intrauterine hypoxia arises from evolutionarily conserved physiological mechanisms, the antecedents of which can be learned from diving mammals or species at high altitudes. Understanding fetal hypoxia leads to understanding the huge physiological shifts of neonatal transition and the dangers of perinatal hypoxia. This comprehensive volume of topical review articles by expert authors addresses the origins of hypoxia tolerance, the impact of oxygen on circulatory transition at birth, and the biochemistry of hypoxia in the pulmonary circuit, as well as the classification, diagnosis, and clinical management of hypoxic respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension in the term neonate. The goal of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Newborn is to connect our understanding of hypoxia from animals in extreme environments, with how the human fetus handles its hypoxic environment; and why the human newborn suddenly cannot. The book will educate health care professionals on how to care for newborns with hypoxic respiratory failure, including the use of up-to-date diagnostic tools and therapies. It also highlights areas of controversy and ongoing research in hypoxic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, including challenging case studies. Key Features Explores evolutionary context and comparative physiology of hypoxia tolerance in the fetus and neonate, from basic research to clinical scenarios Provides guidance to trainees, physicians, and allied health professionals engaged in NICU care; pediatricians, cardiologists, pulmonologists, anesthesiologists, neonatologists, and physiologists to effectively manage infants in hypoxic respiratory failure Includes case scenarios emphasizing current diagnostic and therapeutic controversies and algorithmic approaches to decipher difficult clinical cases Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page CONTENTS Preface Editor Section Editors Contributors Introduction PART 1: THE ORIGINS OF HYPOXIA TOLERANCE The Human Fetus and Metabolic Adaptations to Hypoxia Hypoxia as a Neuroinflammatory Stimulus during Development Human Adaptations to High Altitude Fetal Llama Adaptation to Altitude in the Andean Altiplano Neonates of Burrowing and Hibernating Mammals: Metabolic and Respiratory Adaptations to Hypoxia Diving Response and Hypoxia in Deep Sea Mammals The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Cardiorespiratory Coupling in Vertebrates and Its Relevance to Noninvasive Monitoring of the Human Fetus PART 2: FETAL HYPOXIA AND NEONATAL TRANSITION Fetal and Neonatal Oxygen Environment Fetal Oxygenation during Maternal Hypoxic Illness Hemodynamics of the Circulatory Transition Oxygen during Postnatal Stabilization PART 3: BIOLOGY OF HYPOXIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE IN THE NEONATE Hypoxia and Pulmonary Artery Structure Animal Models of PPHN and Vasoconstrictor Signaling in Hypoxia Hypoxia and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Lung Effects of Hypoxia on Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and Relaxation Cellular Oxygen Sensing, Mitochondrial Oxygen Sensing and Reactive Oxygen Species Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Animal Models of Pulmonary Hypertension Hypoxia, Myocardial Metabolic Adaptation, and Right Ventricular Performance Hypoxic Remodeling of Neonatal Pulmonary Artery and Myocardium Hypoxia-Induced Epigenetic Mechanisms of Pulmonary Hypertension PART 4: HYPOXIA AND COLLATERAL DAMAGE The Effects of Hypoxia Ischemia on the Term Brain, and a Strategic Approach Effects of Hypoxia on Cerebral Perfusion and the Blood-Brain Barrier Effects of Hypoxia on Airway, Alveolar Function, and Respiration Hypoxic Respiratory Failure and the Neonatal Kidney The Effect of Hypoxia on Intestinal Function Effects of Hypoxia on Perinatal Drug Disposition Anesthetic Considerations for the Neonate with Hypoxic Respiratory Failure PART 5: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF NEONATAL HYPOXIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE Epidemiology and Outcomes of Infants with Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Clinical Evaluation of Hypoxic Respiratory Failure Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension by Echocardiography Right Ventricular Performance and Ventricular Interdependence in Hypoxia Ventilation Strategies in Neonatal Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Pulmonary Hypertension Phenotypes in the Newborn Special Consideration: HRF in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Special Consideration: Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure among Patients with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Special Consideration: HRF in the Preterm Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Neonatal Cases Index We have all been hypoxic. Fetal tolerance for intrauterine hypoxia arises from evolutionarily conserved physiological mechanisms, the antecedents of which can be learned from diving mammals or species at high altitudes. Understanding fetal hypoxia leads to understanding the huge physiological shifts of neonatal transition and the dangers of perinatal hypoxia. The goal of **__Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in the Newborn__** is to connect our understanding of hypoxia from animals in extreme environments, with how the human fetus handles its hypoxic environment; and why the human newborn suddenly cannot. The book will educate health care professionals on how to care for newborns with hypoxic respiratory failure, including the use of up-to-date diagnostic tools and therapies. It also highlights areas of controversy and ongoing research in hypoxic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, including challenging case studies. * Explores evolutionary context and comparative physiology of hypoxia tolerance in the fetus and neonate, from basic research to clinical scenarios * Provides guidance to trainees, physicians, and allied health professionals engaged in NICU care; pediatricians, cardiologists, pulmonologists, anesthesiologists, neonatologists, and physiologists to effectively manage infants in hypoxic respiratory failure * Includes case scenarios emphasizing current diagnostic and therapeutic controversies and algorithmic approaches to decipher difficult clinical cases "This comprehensive volume by expert authors addresses the origins of hypoxia tolerance, the impact of oxygen on circulatory transition at birth, and the biochemistry of hypoxia in the pulmonary circuit, and the classification, diagnosis and clinical management of hypoxic respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension in the term neonate"-- Provided by publisher