Hypersonic and High-Temperature Gas Dynamics (Aiaa Education)

Hypersonic and High-Temperature Gas Dynamics, Third Edition is a successful, self-contained text for those interested in learning hypersonic flow and high-temperature gas dynamics. Like previous editions, it assumes no prior familiarity with either subject on the part of the reader. It provides a cohesive presentation of the fundamentals, a development of important theory and techniques, a discussion of the salient results with emphasis on the physical aspects, and a presentation of modern thinking in these areas. This book is designed for two roles: As an effective classroom text that can be used with ease by the instructor, and understood with ease by the student As a viable, professional working tool for engineers, scientists, and managers who have any contact in their jobs with hypersonic and/or high-temperature flow This third edition has been updated throughout and features new figures and examples, along with a user-friendly interior design. Contents Preface Chapter 1 Some Preliminary Thoughts Part 1: Inviscid Hypersonic Flow Chapter 2 Hypersonic Shock and Expansion-Wave Relations Chapter 3 Local Surface Inclination Methods Chapter 4 Hypersonic Inviscid Flowfields: Approximate Methods Chapter 5 Hypersonic Inviscid Flowfields: Exact Methods Part 2: Viscous Hypersonic Flow Chapter 6 Viscous Flow: Basic Aspects, Boundary Layer Results, and Aerodynamic Heating Chapter 7 Hypersonic Viscous Interactions Chapter 8 Computational-Fluid-Dynamic Solutions of Hypersonic Viscous Flows Part 3: High-Temperature Gas Dynamics Chapter 9 High-Temperature Gas Dynamics: Some Introductory Considerations Chapter 10 Some Aspects of the Thermodynamics of Chemically Reacting Gases (Classical Physical Chemistry) Chapter 11 Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics Chapter 12 Elements of Kinetic Theory Chapter 13 Chemical and Vibrational Nonequilibrium Chapter 14 Inviscid High Temperature Equilibrium Flows Chapter 15 Inviscid High-Temperature Nonequilibrium Flows Chapter 16 Kinetic Theory Revisited: Transport Properties in High-Temperature Gases Chapter 17 Viscous High-Temperature Flows Chapter 18 Introduction to Radiative Gas Dynamics Appendix A Creating Hypersonic Flow in the Laboratory Appendix B Creating Hypersonic Flow in Flight Appendix C Hypersonic Aerodynamics on the Computer Postface References Index Supporting Materials Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Foreword Contents Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Chapter 1: Some Preliminary Thoughts 1.1 Hypersonic Flight—Some Historical Firsts 1.2 Hypersonic Flow—Why is it important? 1.3 Hypersonic Flow—What Is It? 1.4 Fundamental Sources of Aerodynamic Force and Aerodynamic Heating 1.5 Hypersonic Flight Paths: Velocity-Altitude Map 1.6 Summary and Outlook Problems Part 1: Inviscid Hypersonic Flow Chapter 2: Hypersonic Shock and Expansion-Wave Relations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Hypersonic Shock Relations 2.3 Hypersonic Shock Relations in Terms of the Hypersonic Similarity Parameter 2.4 Hypersonic Expansion-Wave Relations 2.5 Summary and Comments Problem Chapter 3: Local Surface Inclination Methods 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Newtonian Flow 3.3 Modified Newtonian Law 3.4 Centrifugal Force Corrections to Newtonian Theory 3.5 Newtonian Theory—What It Really Means 3.6 Tangent-Wedge Tangent-Cone Methods 3.7 Shock-Expansion Method 3.8 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 4: Hypersonic Inviscid Flowfields: Approximate Methods 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Governing Equations 4.3 Mach-Number Independence 4.4 Hypersonic Small-Disturbance Equations 4.5 Hypersonic Similarity 4.6 Hypersonic Small-Disturbance Theory: Some Results 4.7 Comment on Hypersonic Small-Disturbance Theory 4.8 Hypersonic Equivalence Principle and Blast-Wave Theory 4.9 Thin Shock-Layer Theory 4.10 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 5: Hypersonic Inviscid Flowfields: Exact Methods 5.1 General Thoughts 5.2 Method of Characteristics 5.3 Time-Marching Finite Difference Method: Application to the Hypersonic Blunt-Body Problem 5.4 Correlations for Hypersonic Shock-Wave Shapes 5.5 Shock–Shock Interactions 5.6 Space-Marching Finite Difference Method: Additional Solutions of the Euler Equations 5.7 Comments on the State of the Art 5.8 Summary and Comments Problems Part 2: Viscous Hypersonic Flow Chapter 6: Viscous Flow: Basic Aspects, Boundary Layer Results, and Aerodynamic Heating 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Governing Equations for Viscous Flow: Navier–Stokes Equations 6.3 Similarity Parameters and Boundary Conditions 6.4 Boundary-Layer Equations for Hypersonic Flow 6.5 Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Theory: Self-Similar Solutions 6.6 Nonsimilar Hypersonic Boundary Layers 6.7 Hypersonic Transition 6.8 Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer 6.9 Reference Temperature Method 6.10 Hypersonic Aerodynamic Heating: Some Comments and Approximate Results Applied to Hypersonic Vehicles 6.11 Entropy-Layer Effects on Aerodynamic Heating 6.12 Summary and Comments Problem Chapter 7: Hypersonic Viscous Interactions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Strong and Weak Viscous Interactions: Definition and Description 7.3 Role of x in Hypersonic Viscous Inter 7.4 Other Viscous Interaction Results 7.5 Hypersonic Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions 7.6 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 8: Computational-Fluid-Dynamic Solutions of Hypersonic Viscous Flows 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Viscous Shock-Layer Technique 8.3 Parabolized Navier–Stokes Solutions 8.4 Full Navier–Stokes Solutions 8.5 Summary and Comments Part 3: High-Temperature Gas Dynamics Chapter 9: High-Temperature Gas Dynamics: Some Introductory Considerations 9.1 Importance of High-Temperature Flows 9.2 Nature of High-Temperature Flows 9.3 Chemical Effects in Air: The Velocity-Altitude Map 9.4 Summary and Comments Chapter 10: Some Aspects of the Thermodynamics of Chemically Reacting Gases (Classical Physical Chemistry) 10.1 Introduction: Definition of Real Gases and Perfect Gases 10.2 Various Forms of the Perfect-Gas Equation of State 10.3 Various Descriptions of the Composition of a Gas Mixture 10.4 Classification of Gases 10.5 First Law of Thermodynamics 10.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics 10.7 Calculation of Entropy 10.8 Gibbs Free Energy and the Entropy Produced by Chemical Nonequilibrium 10.9 Composition of Equilibrium Chemically Reacting Mixtures: The Equilibrium Constant 10.10 Heat of Reaction 10.11 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 11: Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Microscopic Description of Gases 11.3 Counting the Number of Microstates for a Given Macrostate 11.4 Most Probable Macrostate 11.5 Limiting Case: Boltzmann Distribution 11.6 Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties in Terms of the Partition Function 11.7 Evaluation of the Partition Function in Terms of T and V 11.8 Practical Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties for a Single Chemical Species 11.9 Calculation of the Equilibrium Constant 11.10 Chemical Equilibrium—Some Further Comments 11.11 Calculation of the Equilibrium Composition for High-Temperature Air 11.12 Thermodynamic Properties of an Equilibrium Chemically Reacting Gas 11.13 Equilibrium Properties of High-Temperature Air 11.14 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 12: Elements of Kinetic Theory 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Perfect-Gas Equation of State (Revisited) 12.3 Collision Frequency and Mean Free Path 12.4 Velocity and Speed Distribution Functions: Mean Velocities 12.5 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 13: Chemical and Vibrational Nonequilibrium 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Vibrational Nonequilibrium: The Vibrational Rate Equation 13.3 Chemical Nonequilibrium: The Chemical Rate Equation 13.4 Chemical Nonequilibrium in High-Temperature Air 13.5 Chemical Nonequilibrium in H2-Air Mixtures 13.6 Summary and Comments Chapter 14: Inviscid High Temperature Equilibrium Flows 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Governing Equations for Inviscid High-Temperature Equilibrium Flow 14.3 Equilibrium Normal and Oblique Shock-Wave Flows 14.4 Equilibrium Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows 14.5 Frozen and Equilibrium Flows: The Distinction 14.6 Equilibrium and Frozen Specific Heats 14.7 Equilibrium Speed of Sound 14.8 Equilibrium Conical Flow 14.9 Equilibrium Blunt-Body Flows 14.10 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 15: Inviscid High-Temperature Nonequilibrium Flows 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Governing Equations for Inviscid, Nonequilibrium Flows 15.3 Nonequilibrium Normal and Oblique Shock-Wave Flows 15.4 Nonequilibrium Quasi-One-Dimensional Nozzle Flows 15.5 Nonequilibrium Blunt-Body Flows 15.6 Binary Scaling 15.7 Nonequilibrium Flow over Other Shapes: Nonequilibrium Method of Characteristics 15.8 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 16: Kinetic Theory Revisited: Transport Properties in High-Temperature Gases 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Definition of Transport Phenomena 16.3 Transport Coefficients 16.4 Mechanism of Diffusion 16.5 Energy Transport by Thermal Conduction and Diffusion: Total Thermal Conductivity 16.6 Transport Properties for High-Temperature Air 16.7 Summary and Comments Chapter 17: Viscous High-Temperature Flows 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Governing Equations for Chemically Reacting Viscous Flow 17.3 Alternate Forms of the Energy Equation 17.4 Boundary-Layer Equations for a Chemically Reacting Gas 17.5 Boundary Conditions: Catalytic Walls 17.6 Boundary-Layer Solutions: Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer for a Dissociating Gas 17.7 Boundary-Layer Solutions: Nonsimilar Flows 17.8 Viscous-Shock-Layer Solutions to Chemically Reacting Flow 17.9 Parabolized Navier–Stokes Solutions to Chemically Reacting Flows 17.10 Full Navier–Stokes Solutions to Chemically Reacting Flows 17.11 Summary and Comments Problems Chapter 18: Introduction to Radiative Gas Dynamics 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Definitions of Radiative Transfer in Gases 18.3 Radiative-Transfer Equation 18.4 Solutions of the Radiative-Transfer Equation: Transparent Gas 18.5 Solutions of the Radiative-Transfer Equation: Absorbing Gas 18.6 Solutions of the Radiative-Transfer Equation: Emitting and Absorbing Gas 18.7 Radiating Flowfields: Sample Results 18.8 Surface Radiative Cooling 18.9 Summary and Comments Problems Appendix A: Creating Hypersonic Flow in the Laboratory Appendix B: Creating Hypersonic Flow in Flight Appendix C: Hypersonic Aerodynamics on the Computer Postface References Index Supporting Materials