Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics (AIAA Education Series)

The first four chapters present genera! information characterizing hypersonic flows, discuss numerical formulations of varying degrees of rigor in computational fluid dynamics codes, and show the strengths and limitations of the various types of hypersonic experimentation. Other chapters cover the stagnation-region flowfield, the inviscid flowfield, the boundary layer, the aerodynamic forces and moments, viscous/inviscid interactions as well as shock/shock interactions, and a review of aerother-modynamics phenomena and their role in the design of a hypersonic vehicle. Sample exercises and homework problems are presented throughout the text Front Matter......Page 1 Foreword......Page 5 Acknowledgements......Page 9 Preface......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 11 Nomenclature......Page 17 1.1 Introduction......Page 25 1.2 Defining Hypersonic Flow......Page 28 1.2.1 Newtonian Flow Model......Page 30 1.2.2 Mach Number Independence Principle......Page 32 1.3 Characterizing Hypersonic Flow Using Fluid-Dynamic Phenomena......Page 34 1.3.1 Noncontinuum Considerations......Page 36 1.3.2 Stagnation-Region Flowfield Properties......Page 39 References......Page 69 Problems......Page 71 2.1 Introduction......Page 74 2.1.1 Equilibrium Flows......Page 75 2.1.2 Nonequilibrium Flows......Page 76 2.1.3 Equilibrium Conditions: Thermal, Chemical, and Global......Page 78 2.2 Dependent Variables......Page 79 2.3 Transport Properties......Page 80 2.3.1 Coefficient of Viscosity......Page 81 2.3.2 Thermal Conductivity......Page 86 2.3.3 Diffusion Coefficient......Page 90 2.3.4 Additional Comments......Page 92 2.4 Continuity Equation......Page 94 2.5 Momentum Equation......Page 95 2.6 Energy Equation......Page 98 2.7.1 Overall Continuity Equation......Page 102 2.7.2 Momentum Equation......Page 103 2.7.5 The Vectors......Page 104 2.8 Concluding Remarks......Page 106 References......Page 107 Problems......Page 108 3.1 Introduction......Page 110 3.2.1 Correlation Techniques for Shuttle Orbiter Heating......Page 113 3.2.2 Correlations for Viscous Interactions with the External Flow......Page 115 3.3 General Comments About CFD......Page 119 3.3.1 Introductory Comments......Page 120 3.3.2 Grid Considerations......Page 122 3.4 Computations Based on a Two-Layer Flow Model......Page 127 3.4.1 Conceptual Design Codes......Page 129 3.4.2 Characteristics of Two-Layer CFD Models......Page 131 3.5 Computational Techniques That Treat the Entire Shock Layer in a Unified Fashion......Page 150 3.6 Calibration and Validation of the CFD Codes......Page 160 3.7 Defining the Shuttle Pitching Moment - A Historical Review......Page 164 3.7.1 Model Proposed by Maus and His Co-workers......Page 166 3.7.2 Model Proposed by Koppenwallner......Page 169 3.7.3 Final Comments About the Pitching Moment......Page 170 References......Page 172 Problems......Page 177 4.1 Introduction......Page 179 4.2 Ground-Based Simulation of Hypersonic Flows......Page 180 4.3 Ground-Based Hypersonic Facilities......Page 183 4.3.1 Shock Tubes......Page 184 4.3.2 Arc-Heated Test Facilities Arc Jets......Page 191 4.3.3 Hypersonic Wind Tunnels......Page 194 4.3.4 Ballistic Free-Flight Ranges......Page 221 4.4.1 Heat-Transfer Data......Page 224 4.4.2 Flow Visualization Techniques......Page 227 4.4.3 Model Design Considerations......Page 232 4.5 Flight Tests......Page 234 4.5.1 Flight-Test Objectives......Page 235 4.5.2 Flight-Test Data......Page 239 4.6 The Importance of Interrelating CFD, Ground-Test Data, and Flight-Test Data......Page 241 References......Page 243 Problems......Page 248 5.2 The Stagnating Streamline......Page 253 5.2.2 The Temperature and the Density......Page 256 5.2.4 Shock Stand-Off Distance......Page 259 5.3 Stagnation-Point Convective Heat Transfer......Page 262 5.3.1 Heat-Transfer Relations......Page 263 5.3.2 Equations of Motion......Page 264 5.3.3 Similar Solutions for the Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer......Page 267 5.3.4 Additional Correlations for the Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer......Page 277 5.3.5 The Effect of Surface Catalycity on Convective Heat Transfer......Page 282 5.3.6 A Word of Caution About Models......Page 284 5.3.7 Non-Newtonian Stagnation-Point Velocity Gradient......Page 285 5.3.8 Stagnation-Point Velocity Gradient for Asymetric Flows......Page 287 5.3.9 Perturbations to the Convective Heat Transfer at the Stagnation Point......Page 289 5.4.1 The Radiation Intensity......Page 290 5.4.2 Stagnation-Point Radiative Heat-Transfer Rates......Page 292 5.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 294 References......Page 295 Problems......Page 297 6.2 Newtonian Flow Models......Page 299 6.2.1 Modified Newtonian Flow......Page 300 6.2.2 Thin-Shock-Layer Requirements......Page 304 6.3 Departures from the Newtonian Flow Model......Page 310 6.3.1 Truncated Blunt-Body Flows......Page 311 6.3.2 Nose Region of a Blunted Sphere/Cone......Page 318 6.3.3 Flow Turned Through Multiple Shock Waves......Page 324 6.4 Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Viscous Interaction for Two-Dimensional Compression Ramps......Page 327 6.4.2 Parameters Which Influence the Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction......Page 328 6.5 Tangent-Cone and Tangent-Wedge Approximations......Page 332 6.6.1 Spherically Blunted Conic Configurations......Page 334 6.6.2 Flat-Plate and Wedge Configurations......Page 336 6.7 Pressure Distributions for a Reacting Gas......Page 337 6.7.1 Pressures in the Stagnation Region......Page 339 6.7.2 Pressures for Wedges and for Cones......Page 340 6.8 Pressures in Separated Regions......Page 343 6.8.1 The Effect of the Reynolds Number......Page 345 6.8.4 The Effect of Configuration......Page 348 6.8.5 A Comment......Page 350 References......Page 351 Problems......Page 355 7.1 Introduction......Page 357 7.2.1 The Conditions at the Edge of the Boundary Layer......Page 359 7.2.2 The Conditions at the Wall......Page 360 7.3 The Metric, or Equivalent, Cross-Section Radius......Page 370 7.4 Convective Heat Transfer and Skin Friction......Page 375 7.4.2 Laminar Boundary Layers......Page 376 7.4.3 Boundary-Layer Transition......Page 395 7.4.4 Turbulent Boundary Layers......Page 427 7.5 The Effects of Surface Catalycity......Page 439 7.5.1 Introductory Remarks......Page 440 7.5.2 Shuttle Catalytic Surface Effects CSE Experiment......Page 442 7.5.3 The Effect of Surface Contamination......Page 447 7.6 Base Heat Transfer in Separated Flow......Page 449 7.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 452 References......Page 453 Problems......Page 461 8.1 Introduction......Page 462 8.1.1 The Value of Lift......Page 463 8.1.2 Typical Values of L/D......Page 464 8.2.1 Sharp Cones......Page 472 8.2.2 Spherically Blunted Cones......Page 485 8.3.1 Achieving a Trimmed Angle-of-Attack......Page 505 8.3.2 Aerodynamic Coefficients......Page 510 8.4 Shuttle Orbiter Aerodynamics......Page 514 8.4.1 Pre-flight Predictions of the Orbiter Aerodynamics......Page 516 8.4.2 Flight Measurements of the Orbiter Aerodynamics......Page 517 8.5 X-15 Aerodynamics......Page 520 8.6 Hypersonic Aerodynamics of Research Airplane Concepts......Page 524 8.7.1 Stability Analysis of Planar Motion......Page 527 8.7.2 Stability Data for Conic Configurations......Page 529 8.7.3 Additional Considerations......Page 533 References......Page 534 Problems......Page 538 9.1 Introduction......Page 543 9.2 Compression Ramp Flows......Page 548 9.3.1 Introductory Information......Page 552 9.3.2 The Six Interference Patterns of Edney......Page 557 9.4 Flowfield Perturbations Around Swept Fins......Page 575 9.5 Corner Flows......Page 578 9.6.1 The X-15......Page 582 9.6.2 The Space Shuttle Orbiter......Page 586 9.6.3 Hypersonic Airbreathing Aircraft......Page 588 9.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 589 References......Page 594 Problems......Page 598 10.1.1 Re-entry Vehicles......Page 601 10.2 Design Considerations......Page 604 10.2.1 Design Considerations for Rocket-Launched/Glide Re-entry Vehicles......Page 605 10.2.2 Design Considerations for Airbreathing Vehicles......Page 608 10.2.3 Design Considerations for Combined Rocket/Airbreathing Powered Vehicles......Page 618 10.3.1 Guidelines......Page 620 10.3.2 Tools......Page 621 References......Page 622 F......Page 624 P......Page 625 V......Page 626 X......Page 627 A modern treatment of hypersonic aerothermodynamics for students, engineers, scientists, and program managers involved in the study and application of hypersonic flight. It assumes an understanding of the basic principles of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, compressible flow, and heat transfer. Ten chapters general characterization of hypersonic flows; basic equations of motion; defining the aerothermodynamic environment; experimental measurements of hypersonic flows; stagnation-region flowfield; the pressure distribution; the boundary layer and convective heat transfer; aerodynamic forces and moments; viscous interactions; and aerothermodynamics and design considerations. Includes sample exercises and homework problems. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or. Excellent reference source for estimating re-entry heat loads. After reading the text you are left with the feeling that you 'have a good handle on the subject matter'. That's about the best you can say for this kind of book. The few examples that cover stagnation point temperature estimation have a few steps that could be expanded to better illustrate where the numbers came from and how they are used. No complains here. though.