Hydrological Modeling: Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering (Water Science and Technology Library, 109)

This book carefully considers hydrological models which are essential for predicting floods, droughts, soil moisture estimation, land use change detection, geomorphology and water structures. The book highlights recent advances in the area of hydrological modelling in the Ganga Basin and other internationally important river basins. The impact of climate change on water resources is a global concern. Water resources in many countries are already stressed, and climate change along with burgeoning population, rising standard of living and increasing demand are adding to the stress. Furthermore, river basins are becoming less resilient to climatic vagaries. Fundamental to addressing these issues is hydrological modelling which is covered in this book. Integrated water resources management is vital to ensure water and food security. Integral to the management is groundwater and solute transport, and this book encompasses tools that will be useful to mitigate the adverse consequences of natural disasters. Contents About the Editors 1 Performance Improvement of Usbr VI Stilling Basin Model for Pipe Outlet 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Experimental Arrangement and Procedure 1.2.1 Criteria for the Performance of Evaluation for a Stilling Basin 1.3 Results and Discussions 1.3.1 Comparison of USBR VI with Newly Developed Model 1.4 Conclusions References 2 Bio-Inspired Genetic Algorithm for Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methods 2.3 Methodology 2.4 Benchmark Problems Considered in the Study 2.5 Results and Discussion 2.6 Conclusions References 3 Assessments of Meteorological Drought Indices Using SPI and RDI in Mehsana Region, Gujarat, India 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Review of Literature 3.3 Study Area and Data Collection 3.4 Material and Methods 3.4.1 Standardized Precipitation Index 3.4.2 Reconnaissance Drought Index 3.5 Results and Analysis 3.6 Comparisons of SPI and RDI 3.7 Conclusions References 4 Top Surface Soil Moisture Retrieval Using C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Over Kudremukh Grasslands 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study Area and Data Products 4.2.1 Location 4.2.2 Remote Sensing Data and Pre-processing 4.2.3 Experimental Measurements 4.3 Methodology 4.4 Results and Discussion 4.4.1 Backscattered Coefficient (Σ°) and NDVI 4.4.2 Backscattered Coefficient (Σ°) and Volumetric Soil Moisture Content 4.4.3 Soil Moisture Model 4.5 Conclusions References 5 Meteorological Drought Assessment in the Bharathapuzha River Basin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Study Area and Data 5.2.1 Study Area 5.2.2 Data Collection and Pre-processing 5.3 Methodology 5.3.1 Delineation of the River Basin 5.3.2 Trend Analysis 5.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index for Drought Analysis 5.4 Results and Discussions 5.4.1 Trend Analysis 5.4.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) 5.5 Summary and Conclusions References 6 Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Mean Pressure Coefficient on C-Shaped Building with and Without Round Corner 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Experimentation 6.2.1 Feature of Experimental Setup 6.2.2 Details of Models 6.3 Numerical Modelling 6.3.1 Numerical Analysis 6.3.2 Domain and Meshing 6.3.3 Boundary Condition 6.4 Results and Discussion 6.4.1 Experimental Results 6.4.2 Numerical Analysis 6.5 Conclusions References 7 A Framework for the Selection of Threshold in Partial Duration Series Modeling 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methodology 7.2.1 Overview of Partial Duration Series 7.2.2 Framework to Select the Threshold Values Using Different Concepts 7.2.3 Randomness Test of PDS 7.2.4 Stationarity Test of PDS 7.2.5 Outline of GP-Poisson Distribution Model 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Threshold Values Using Different Concepts 7.3.2 Randomness Test of PDS 7.3.3 Stationarity Test of PDS 7.3.4 Verification of the Poisson Distribution with Change in Threshold 7.3.5 GP Distribution Model 7.4 Conclusions References 8 Integrated RUSLE and GIS Approach for Estimating Soil Erosion of Watershed in Karjat 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Factors Affecting Soil Erosion 8.1.2 Integrated Watershed Management Program 8.2 Methodology 8.2.1 RUSLE Soil Erosion Model 8.2.2 Computation of RUSLE Factors 8.3 Result and Analysis 8.4 Conclusion References 9 Swat Application for Water Balance Assessment of Koyna River Basin, Maharashtra, India 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Study Area 9.3 Data 9.4 Methodology 9.5 Results and Discussion 9.6 Summary and Conclusions References 10 Identification of Suitable Sites for Water Storage Structure in Andhiyarkore Watershed of Chhattisgarh State India 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Description of the Study Area 10.3 Methodology 10.3.1 Slope 10.3.2 Lineament 10.3.3 Geology 10.3.4 Stream Order 10.3.5 Runoff Coefficient 10.3.6 Land Use and Land Cover 10.3.7 Soil 10.3.8 Settlement 10.3.9 Suggested Suitable Sites 10.4 Results 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Drought Analysis Using Standardized Precipitation Index and Supplemental Irrigation Planning in Banka, Bihar 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Study Area 11.3 Methodology 11.3.1 Study of Drought and Identification of Dry Spell 11.3.2 Planning of Supplemental Irrigation for the Dry Spell 11.4 Results and Discussion 11.4.1 Drought Study 11.4.2 Rainfall Departure 11.4.3 Critical Dry Spells 11.4.4 Computation of Supplemental Irrigation Requirement 11.5 Conclusion References 12 Multisite Calibration of the Ghataprabha Sub-Basin Using Soil and Water Assessment Tool 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Study Area 12.3 Methodology 12.3.1 Description of SWAT Steps 12.4 Calibration Process 12.4.1 Station 1: GOTURU 12.4.2 Station 2: DADDI 12.4.3 Station 3: GOKAK 12.4.4 Station 4: BAGALKOT 12.5 Results 12.6 Conclusion References 13 Agricultural Drought Assessment Using GIS: A Case Study 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Types of Drought 13.2 Study Area 13.2.1 Command Area 13.2.2 Agricultural Performance 13.2.3 Water Resources 13.3 Materials and Methods 13.3.1 Drought Indices 13.3.2 Data Collection 13.4 Results and Conclusion 13.4.1 Recommendation in Terms of Early Warning System 13.4.2 Recommendation in Terms of Farmers’ Preparedness References 14 Design of Branched Pipe Networks Using Reliability and Total Annual Cost 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Methodology 14.2.1 Pipeline Cost 14.2.2 Energy Cost 14.2.3 Total Annual Cost 14.2.4 Reliability 14.2.5 Reliability Cost Ratio 14.3 Design Example and Discussion 14.3.1 Example 14.3.2 Solution 14.4 Conclusions References 15 An Experimental Study on the Effect of Soil Characteristics and Infiltration Rate on Hortons Decay Constant 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methodology 15.3 Results and Discussion 15.4 Conclusion References 16 Genetic Algorithm for Minimization of Variance of Pipe Flow-Series for Looped Water Distribution Networks 16.1 Introduction 16.2 New Formulation for Minimum Variance 16.3 Genetic Algorithm 16.3.1 Decision Variables 16.3.2 Representation Scheme 16.3.3 Feasibility Conditions and Penalty Function 16.3.4 Fitness Function 16.3.5 Reproduction Operator 16.3.6 Crossover 16.3.7 Elitism 16.4 Optimal Design for Level-One Redundancy 16.5 Illustrative Network 16.6 Summary and Conclusions References 17 Applications of Building Information Modelling for Water Infrastructure Development 17.1 Introduction 17.2 BIM Water Network System Design Potentials 17.3 BIM-Based Water System Analysis 17.4 BIM and GIS Combined Water Infrastructure Planning and Management 17.5 Case Study 17.6 Current Limitations in Implementing BIM-Based Techniques 17.7 Conclusions References 18 Snow Cover Change in Kullu District Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Objectives of Study 18.3 Study Area 18.4 Observed Climatological Trend Over Study Area 18.4.1 Temperature 18.4.2 Rainfall 18.4.3 Snowfall and Coldwave 18.5 Methodology 18.6 Results and Discussion 18.7 Conclusion References 19 Forecasting Standardized Precipitation Index Using Wavelet-Coupled MARS and SVM Model in Punpun River Sub-Basin (Bihar), India 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Theoretical Overview 19.2.1 Multivariate Adaptive Regressions Spline (MARS) 19.2.2 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 19.2.3 Wavelet 19.2.4 Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) 19.3 Study Area and Data Collection 19.4 Methodology 19.4.1 Calculation of Standardized Precipitation Index 19.4.2 Application of Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) 19.4.3 Model Performance Evaluation Criteria 19.5 Result and Discussion 19.6 Conclusion References 20 Error Due to DEM Sources in Catchment Area and River Network Using D8 Algorithm 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Description of the Study Area 20.3 Description of Data Sets Used 20.4 Methodology 20.5 Results and Discussions 20.5.1 Error in Extraction of River Network Using D8 Method 20.5.2 Error in Automatic Basin Boundary Delineation 20.5.3 Topographic and Basin Characteristics 20.6 Conclusions References 21 Dam Break Flow Simulation Model for Preparing Emergency Action Plans for Bargi Dam Failure 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Study Area 21.3 Methodology 21.3.1 Empirical Method 21.4 Result Analysis 21.4.1 Breach Parameter Results 21.4.2 Analysis of Simulation Results 21.4.3 Flood Inundation Map 21.5 Conclusion References 22 Discrepancy in Infiltration Equation Parameters While Using Ponded and Tension Boundary Pressure Head Conditions 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Study Area and Methodology 22.2.1 Field Experiments 22.2.2 Models Used for Analysis 22.2.3 Comparison of the Model Results 22.2.4 Sensitivity Analysis 22.3 Results and Discussion 22.4 Conclusions References 23 Using CartoDEM Data for Dam Break Flood Hazard Mapping in a Hilly Terrain 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Study Area 23.2.1 Description of Dhauliganga Dam 23.2.2 Downstream River Stretch 23.3 Data Used 23.4 Methodology for Dam Break Analysis 23.4.1 Estimation of Breach Parameters 23.4.2 Flood Routing 23.5 Results and Discussions 23.5.1 Dam Break Analysis 23.5.2 Disaster Management Plan 23.5.3 Sensitivity of Breach Parameters 23.6 Conclusions References 24 Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modelling of a Bridge 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Study Area and Data 24.3 Methodology 24.3.1 Derivation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph 24.3.2 Estimation of Design Flood Hydrographs 24.3.3 Hydraulic Analysis in HEC-RAS 24.4 Result and Discussions 24.4.1 Estimation of Design Flood 24.4.2 Hydraulic Modelling of Bridge 24.5 Conclusions References 25 New Approach to Evolve Soil Water Retention Curve in Lower Kosi Basin, India 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Review of Work 25.3 Study Area 25.3.1 Soil Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis 25.3.2 Specific Gravity 25.3.3 Bulk Density 25.3.4 Porosity 25.3.5 Particle Size Distribution 25.3.6 Organic Carbon 25.3.7 Soil Water Content 25.4 Evolving New Methods for Soil Water Retention Characteristics 25.4.1 Governing Equations Evolved Using the Above Criteria 25.5 Results and Discussions 25.5.1 Approach 1 and Approach 2 25.6 Conclusions Appendix 1 References 26 Variability of Rainfall, Temperature, and Potential Evapotranspiration at Annual Time Scale Over Tapi to Tadri River Basin, India 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Study Area 26.3 Materials and Methods 26.3.1 Preliminary Statistical Analysis 26.3.2 Methodology 26.4 Results and Discussions 26.4.1 Trends in Rainfall 26.4.2 Trends in Temperature 26.4.3 Trends in PET 26.5 Conclusions References 27 Design of Water Distribution Network for Educational Institute for Revised Demand 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Study Area and Data Collection 27.3 Model Development and Analysis 27.3.1 Loop v4.0 27.3.2 Bentley WaterGEMS Connect Edition 27.4 Optimal Placement of Valves 27.5 Results and Discussions References 28 Application of Numerical Modelling for Geomorphological Evolution and River Bank Shifting Part of Damodar River 28.1 Introduction 28.1.1 Objective 28.2 Study Area 28.3 Data Used and Method 28.4 Result and Discussion 28.5 Conclusion References 29 Study on Impact of Urbanization by SWAT Model in Iril River, Northeast India 29.1 Introduction 29.2 SWAT Theory 29.3 Location of Study Area 29.4 Data Materials and Methodology 29.5 Prediction of LULC 29.6 Runoff Depth and Maximum Discharge 29.7 Validation 29.8 Conclusions References 30 Comparison of Soil Infiltration Models Under Varying Land Cover Conditions in a Micro Watershed of Western Himalayan Region 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Materials and Methods 30.2.1 Study Area 30.2.2 Selection of Sampling Sites and Field Tests 30.2.3 Infiltration Models 30.3 Results and Discussions 30.4 Conclusion References 31 Rainfall–Runoff Studies of Brahmani River Basin Using ANN 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Study Area 31.3 Methodology 31.3.1 Feed-Forward Back-Propagation Neural Network 31.3.2 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) 31.3.3 Evaluation Criteria 31.3.4 ANN Model Development for Prediction Runoff 31.4 Results and Discussion 31.4.1 Comparison Graph of ANN Model and ARIMA Model 31.5 Conclusions References 32 Estimation and Management of Irrigation Water Using WEAP Model in Tandula Reservoir Command Area 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Materials and Methods 32.2.1 Study Area 32.2.2 Crop Water Requirement 32.2.3 Optimization Model for the Optimal Crop Pattern 32.3 Data Required 32.3.1 Meteorological Data 32.3.2 Soil Data 32.3.3 Crop Data 32.3.4 Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Annual Investment 32.4 Results and Discussion 32.4.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETref) 32.4.2 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) or Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) 32.4.3 Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) 32.5 Conclusions References 33 Integrated Hydrological and Hydraulic Model for Prediction of Inflows into Hathnur Reservoir 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Study Area 33.3 Methodology 33.3.1 Rainfall–Runoff Model HEC-HMS 33.3.2 Hydrodynamic Model HEC-RAS 33.3.3 HEC-RTS Setup 33.4 Results and Discussions 33.5 Conclusions References 34 Hydrologic Modeling with SWAT in an Eastern Indian River Basin Using Different Gridded Data Sets 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Materials and Methods 34.2.1 Study Area 34.2.2 Data Used 34.2.3 Model Setup 34.3 Results and Discussions 34.3.1 Uncertainty in Precipitation Products 34.3.2 Hydrological Model Evaluation 34.4 Conclusion References 35 Analysis of Seepage from Parallel Triangular Furrows by Inverse Hodograph and Conformal Mapping Technique 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Statement of the Problem 35.3 Mapping of the One Half of the Inverse Hodograph (dz/dw) Plane onto Auxiliary t-Plane 35.4 Mapping of the dz/dw Plane onto the Auxiliary t-Plane; - inftylet le0 35.5 Mapping of the Complex Potential w-Plane onto the Auxiliary t-Plane 35.6 Relation Between the Physical Flow Domain z-Plane and the Auxiliary t-Plane for 0 let le1 35.7 Location of the Phreatic Line 35.8 Results and Discussion 35.8.1 Variation of yE/H with Spacing (Lf/H) 35.8.2 Variation of Q/Q0 (m) with Spacing ( Lf /H ) 35.8.3 Loci of Phreatic Lines for Different Side Slopes 35.8.4 Variation of Slope of the Tangent to the Phreatic Line 35.8.5 Adequacy in Furrow Spacing 35.8.6 Checking the Water Availability in Root Zone at Various Furrow Spacing 35.9 Conclusions 35.10 Appendix(es) 35.11 Appendix 1 35.12 Appendix 2 35.13 Appendix 3 35.14 Appendix 4 35.15 Appendix 5 References 36 Sustainable Rainwater Harvesting System and Storm Water Management: A Case Study in Raipur Airport 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Methodology 36.3 Result and Discussion 36.4 Conclusion References 37 Hydrological Modeling of Dam Inflow Data Under Restricted Upstream Abstraction Data 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Materials and Methods 37.2.1 Model Description 37.2.2 The Study Site 37.2.3 Model Parameterisation, Calibration and Validation Procedures 37.2.4 Model Performance Criteria 37.3 Results and Discussion 37.4 Conclusions References 38 Assessment of Agricultural Drought Vulnerability Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Lower Cauvery Basin, Tamil Nadu, India 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Study Area 38.3 Methodology 38.4 Results and Discussion 38.5 Conclusion References 39 Assessment of Impact of Spatial Distribution of Rainfall on Streamflow Modelling Using Arcswat in the Noyyal River Catchment Tamil Nadu, India 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Description of the Study Area 39.2.1 Study Area 39.2.2 Data Collection 39.3 Methodology 39.3.1 Hydrological Model 39.3.2 SWAT Parameters 39.3.3 Model Efficiency Index 39.4 Results and Discussion 39.5 Conclusions References