Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications: 3D/4D Printing, Self-Healing, Microrobots, and Nanogenerators (Tissue Repair and Reconstruction)

This book highlights the latest clinical research and advancements in 3D (bio)printing and 4D printing using stimulus-responsive hydrogels as well as the concept of self-healing and its amalgamation with 3D printed injectable cell-laden tissue constructs. It also explores the use of metal-free “click” chemistry and enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, hematin, tyrosinase, and transglutaminase to obtain chemically crosslinked hydrogels and the in vitro and in vivo responses. Lastly, the book briefly examines the future of drug delivery and the potentials offered by microrobotics and self-powered devices based on triboelectric nanogenerators. This book caters to biomedical researchers and clinical practitioners working in tissue reconstruction and drug/therapeutic delivery. Preface Contents 1 Brief Introduction and Various Crosslinking Approaches 1.1 Crosslinking Hydrogels 1.1.1 Physically Crosslinked Hydrogels 1.1.2 Chemically Crosslinked Hydrogels 1.2 Concluding Remarks References 2 3D, 4D Printing, and Bioprinting of Hydrogels 2.1 3D Printing 2.1.1 Laser-Based Approaches 2.1.2 Extrusion or Nozzle-Based Approach 2.1.3 Digital Light Processing 2.1.4 Inkjet-Based Approach 2.2 4D Printing 2.2.1 Thermo-Responsive 2.2.2 pH-Responsive 2.2.3 Magneto-Responsive 2.2.4 Moisture/Humidity-Responsive 2.3 3D Bioprinting 2.3.1 Bioinks 2.3.2 Cell Viability and Structural Integrity 2.3.3 Translational Applications 2.4 Concluding Remarks References 3 Self-healing Hydrogels 3.1 Self-healing Mechanism and Chemistry 3.1.1 Dynamic Covalent Bonding 3.1.2 Non-covalent Bonding 3.1.3 Double-Network Hydrogel 3.2 3D/4D Printing 3.2.1 Bioprinting 3.2.2 4D Printing of Self-healing Hydrogels with Shape Memory 3.3 Concluding Remarks References 4 Future of Drug Delivery: Microrobotics and Self-powered Devices 4.1 Microrobots, Micromotors, and Nanomotors 4.1.1 Micromotors and Nanomotors 4.1.2 Soft Robots and Microrobots 4.2 Hydrogel Triboelectric Nanogenerators 4.3 Concluding Remarks References